Psychoactive substances
Psychoactive Substances
Psychoactive substances (pronunciation: /ˌsaɪkoʊˈæktɪv ˈsʌbstənsɪz/), also known as psychotropics or mind-altering substances, are chemicals that alter perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior. These substances may be used recreationally, to purposefully alter one's consciousness, or therapeutically, as medication.
Etymology
The term "psychoactive" comes from the Greek words "psyche" meaning "mind" or "soul" and "aktos" meaning "put in motion". It refers to the substance's ability to change the user's mental state.
Types of Psychoactive Substances
Psychoactive substances can be categorized into four main groups:
- Stimulants (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine) increase activity in the central nervous system.
- Depressants (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates) decrease activity in the central nervous system.
- Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, DMT) alter perception and can cause hallucinations.
- Opioids (e.g., morphine, heroin, oxycodone) produce a sense of euphoria and are often used for pain relief.
Effects of Psychoactive Substances
The effects of psychoactive substances can vary greatly depending on the specific substance, the dose, the method of administration, the individual's mental and physical health, and the context in which it is used. Effects can range from mild changes in mood and perception to severe impairment or even death in cases of overdose.
Risks and Addiction
The use of psychoactive substances can lead to a range of health risks, including addiction. Addiction is a complex condition characterized by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain's structure and how it works.
Treatment
Treatment for psychoactive substance use disorders often involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapies. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual's needs and the substance(s) being used.
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