Opioid use disorder
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Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Opioid use disorder | |
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Synonyms | N/A |
Pronounce | N/A |
Specialty | N/A |
Symptoms | Euphoria, drowsiness, confusion, nausea, constipation, respiratory depression |
Complications | Overdose, infectious diseases, withdrawal symptoms |
Onset | Variable |
Duration | Chronic |
Types | Prescription opioids, heroin, fentanyl |
Causes | Genetic predisposition, environmental factors, chronic pain treatment |
Risks | Family history, mental health disorders, peer pressure |
Diagnosis | Clinical assessment, DSM-5 criteria |
Differential diagnosis | Chronic pain, other substance use disorders |
Prevention | Education, prescription monitoring, opioid stewardship |
Treatment | Medication-assisted treatment, counseling, support groups |
Medication | Methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone |
Prognosis | Variable, depends on treatment adherence |
Frequency | Millions affected worldwide |
Deaths | N/A |
Introduction
Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder related to the use of opioids, characterized by a problematic pattern of opioid use leading to significant impairment or distress.
Definition and Criteria
OUD is defined by a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating continued opioid use despite significant opioid-related problems.
Signs and Symptoms
1. Numbered list item
- Behavioral Symptoms
- Strong desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down opioid use
- Increased tolerance to opioids
- Difficulty fulfilling obligations due to opioid use
- Continued use despite recurrent social or interpersonal problems
2. Physical Symptoms
- Withdrawal symptoms, such as nausea, muscle aches, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, agitation, and low mood
- Increased tolerance, requiring more opioids to achieve the desired effect
Complications
OUD can lead to various complications, including:
- Opioid overdose
- Increased risk of Suicide
- Transmission of infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C
- Social, work, or school problems
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of OUD is based on criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). It typically involves a comprehensive assessment by healthcare professionals.
Treatment and Management
1. Pharmacotherapy
- Medications such as Methadone, Buprenorphine, and Naltrexone are used in the treatment of OUD.
2. Behavioral Therapies
- Counseling and behavioral therapies, including CBT and Motivational interviewing.
3. Supportive Care
- Access to support groups and long-term follow-up care.
Public Health Perspective
OUD is a significant public health challenge, requiring a multidisciplinary approach for prevention, treatment, and policy-making.
References
- Volkow, N. D., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Opioid abuse in chronic pain—Misconceptions and mitigation strategies. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(13), 1253-1263.
- Dugosh, K., Abraham, A., Seymour, B., et al. (2016). A systematic review on the use of psychosocial interventions in conjunction with medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 10(2), 93-103.
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Contributors: Kondreddy Naveen, Prab R. Tumpati, MD