Cocaine: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox drug
| Verifiedfields    = changed
| Watchedfields      = changed
| verifiedrevid      = 477165921
| image              = Kokain - Cocaine.svg
| image_class        = skin-invert-image
| width              =
| alt                =
| caption            =
| image2            = Cocaine-from-xtal-1983-3D-balls.png
| width2            =
| alt2              =
<!-- Clinical data -->
| pronounce          = kə(ʊ)ˈkeɪn
| tradename          = Neurocaine,<ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Nordegren T |title=The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse |date=2002 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=978-1-58112-404-0 |page=461 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yaGePenGKgC&pg=PA461 |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708191823/https://books.google.com/books?id=4yaGePenGKgC&pg=PA461#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Goprelto,<ref name="Goprelto FDA label" /> Numbrino,<ref name="Numbrino FDA label" /> others
| Drugs.com          = {{drugs.com|CONS|cocaine}}
| MedlinePlus        =
| DailyMedID        = Cocaine
| pregnancy_AU      = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
| pregnancy_AU_comment =
| pregnancy_category =
| dependency_liability = [[Physical dependence|Physical]]: Low [[Psychological dependence|Psychological]]: High<ref name=Gho2010>{{Cite book | vauthors = Ghodse H | title = Ghodse's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48567-8|page=91|edition=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WYQ23OMjWbcC&pg=PA91|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234911/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYQ23OMjWbcC&pg=PA91|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref>
| addiction_liability = High<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Pharmacology|edition=3 |date=2007|publisher=CRC Press|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-1-4200-4742-4|pages=222–223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfrLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910234921/https://books.google.com/books?id=qfrLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref>
| routes_of_administration = [[Topical]], [[Oral administration|by mouth]], [[insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]], [[intravenous]], [[smoking|inhalation]]
| class              = {{plainlist|
* [[SNDRI]];<ref name="Monoamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrin">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Azizi SA | title = Monoamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin, Beyond Modulation, "Switches" That Alter the State of Target Networks | journal = The Neuroscientist | pages = 121–143 | date = December 2020 | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pmid = 33292070 | doi = 10.1177/1073858420974336 | s2cid = 228080727 | issn=1073-8584 }}</ref>
* [[Stimulant]];
* [[Local anesthetic]]}}
| ATC_prefix        = N01
| ATC_suffix        = BC01
| ATC_supplemental  = {{ATC|R02|AD03}}, {{ATC|S01|HA01}}, {{ATC|S02|DA02}}
<!-- Legal status -->
| legal_AU          = Schedule 8
| legal_AU_comment  =
| legal_BR          = F1<!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F-->
| legal_BR_comment  =
| legal_CA          = Schedule I
| legal_CA_comment  =
| legal_DE          = Anlage III
| legal_DE_comment  =
| legal_NZ          = Class A
| legal_NZ_comment  =
| legal_UK          = Class A
| legal_UK_comment  =
| legal_US          = Schedule II
| legal_US_comment  = <ref name=DEA2017Sched>{{Cite web|title=DEA / Drug Scheduling|url=https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml|website=www.dea.gov|access-date=7 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809044016/https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml|archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>
| legal_UN          = N I III
| legal_UN_comment  =
| legal_status      = <!-- For countries not listed above -->
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
| bioavailability    = {{plainlist|
* [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 33%<ref name="fattinger2000">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D | title = Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine | journal = European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 56 | issue = 4 | pages = 305–10 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10954344 | doi = 10.1007/s002280000147 | s2cid = 20708443 }}</ref>
* [[Insufflation (medicine)|Insufflated]]: 60<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R | title = Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 3 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 353–66 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7242115 | doi = 10.1016/0378-8741(81)90063-5 }}</ref>–80%<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE | title = Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking | journal = Drug Metabolism and Disposition | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 153–9 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2565204 }}</ref>
* [[Nasal spray]]: 25<ref name="Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetic">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R | title = Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics | journal = Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 386–94 | date = March 1980 | pmid = 7357795 | doi = 10.1038/clpt.1980.52 | s2cid = 29851205 }}</ref>–43%<ref name="fattinger2000" />}}
| protein_bound      =
| metabolism        = [[Liver]], [[CYP3A4]]
| metabolites        = [[Norcocaine]], [[benzoylecgonine]], [[cocaethylene]]
| onset              = Seconds to minutes<ref name="Zimmerman2012" />
| duration_of_action = 20 to 90 minutes<ref name="Zimmerman2012" />
| excretion          = [[Kidney]]
<!-- Identifiers -->
| index_label        =
| index2_label      =
| CAS_number_Ref    = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number        = 50-36-2
| CAS_supplemental  =
| PubChem            = 446220
| IUPHAR_ligand      = 2286
| DrugBank_Ref      = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank          = DB00907
| ChemSpiderID_Ref  = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID      = 10194104
| UNII_Ref          = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII              = I5Y540LHVR
| KEGG_Ref          = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG              = D00110
| ChEBI_Ref          = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI              = 27958
| ChEMBL_Ref        = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL            = 370805
| NIAID_ChemDB      =
| PDB_ligand        = COC
| synonyms          = Coke, blow, snow, yay, [[crack cocaine|crack]] (in free base form)
<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| IUPAC_name        = Methyl (1''R'',2''R'',3''S'',5''S'')-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate
| C                  = 17
| H                  = 21
| N                  = 1
| O                  = 4
| SMILES            = CN1[C@H]2CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(OC)=O)[C@@H](OC(C3=CC=CC=C3)=O)C2
| StdInChI_Ref      = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI          = 1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1
| StdInChI_comment  =
| StdInChIKey_Ref    = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey        = ZPUCINDJVBIVPJ-LJISPDSOSA-N
| density            =
| density_notes      =
| melting_point      = 98<!--Pubchem-->
| melting_high      =
| melting_notes      =
| boiling_point      = 187
| boiling_notes      =
| solubility        = 1.8
| sol_units          = g/L (22 °C)<!--YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) via Pubchem-->
| specific_rotation  =
}}
'''Cocaine''' (also '''cocain''') is a [[drug]] that is made from [[Coca|coca leaves]]. Cocaine is usually a white powder. Most cocaine is used as an [[illegal drug]]. Because it is a [[stimulant]], cocaine gives people energy. It also makes people feel very happy when it is taken. When used this way, cocaine is very [[addiction|addictive]]. However, cocaine can also be used as a local [[anesthetic]] if it is applied topically (onto the skin or [[gums]]).<ref>''Macmillan Dictionary for Students'' Macmillan, Pan Ltd. (1981), page 192. Retrieved 2010-7-21.</ref>  
'''Cocaine''' (also '''cocain''') is a [[drug]] that is made from [[Coca|coca leaves]]. Cocaine is usually a white powder. Most cocaine is used as an [[illegal drug]]. Because it is a [[stimulant]], cocaine gives people energy. It also makes people feel very happy when it is taken. When used this way, cocaine is very [[addiction|addictive]]. However, cocaine can also be used as a local [[anesthetic]] if it is applied topically (onto the skin or [[gums]]).<ref>''Macmillan Dictionary for Students'' Macmillan, Pan Ltd. (1981), page 192. Retrieved 2010-7-21.</ref>  
[[File:Cocaine.svg|thumb|right]]
[[File:Cocaine.svg|thumb|right]]
 
[[File:Cocaine_lines_2.jpg|Lines of Cocaine for snorting|thumb|left]]
[[File:Cocaine_hydrochloride_CII_for_medicinal_use.jpg|Cocaine hydrochloride CII for medicinal use|thumb]]
== Origin and effects ==
== Origin and effects ==
=== Where cocaine comes from ===
=== Where cocaine comes from ===
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== Notes and references ==
== Notes and references ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{Drug use}}
{{Euphoriants}}
{{Stimulants}}
{{Local anesthetics}}
{{Ancient anaesthesia-footer}}
{{Ion channel modulators}}
{{Monoamine reuptake inhibitors}}
{{Sigma receptor modulators}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cocaine| ]]
[[Category:1855 introductions]]
[[Category:1855 in science]]
[[Category:Alkaloids found in Erythroxylum]]
[[Category:Anorectics]]
[[Category:Benzoate esters]]
[[Category:Carboxylate esters]]
[[Category:Cardiac stimulants]]
[[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Euphoriants]]
[[Category:German inventions]]
[[Category:Glycine receptor agonists]]
[[Category:Local anesthetics]]
[[Category:Methyl esters]]
[[Category:Otologicals]]
[[Category:Powders]]
[[Category:Secondary metabolites]]
[[Category:Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors]]
[[Category:Sigma agonists]]
[[Category:Stimulants]]
[[Category:Sympathomimetic amines]]
[[Category:Teratogens]]
[[Category:Tropane alkaloids found in Erythroxylum coca]]
[[Category:Vasoconstrictors]]
{{stub}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Illegal drugs]]
[[Category:Illegal drugs]]

Revision as of 16:28, 13 January 2025


Cocaine
INN
Drug class
Routes of administration Topical, by mouth, insufflation, intravenous, inhalation
Pregnancy category
Bioavailability
Metabolism Liver, CYP3A4
Elimination half-life
Excretion Kidney
Legal status
CAS Number 50-36-2
PubChem 446220
DrugBank DB00907
ChemSpider 10194104
KEGG D00110

Cocaine (also cocain) is a drug that is made from coca leaves. Cocaine is usually a white powder. Most cocaine is used as an illegal drug. Because it is a stimulant, cocaine gives people energy. It also makes people feel very happy when it is taken. When used this way, cocaine is very addictive. However, cocaine can also be used as a local anesthetic if it is applied topically (onto the skin or gums).<ref>Macmillan Dictionary for Students Macmillan, Pan Ltd. (1981), page 192. Retrieved 2010-7-21.</ref>

File:Cocaine.svg
File:Cocaine lines 2.jpg
Lines of Cocaine for snorting
File:Cocaine hydrochloride CII for medicinal use.jpg
Cocaine hydrochloride CII for medicinal use

Origin and effects

Where cocaine comes from

File:Colcoca02.jpg
Leaves of the Coca plant

Cocaine is taken from the leaves of the coca plant. Coca plants are mostly grown in South America, in countries like Brazil or Argentina. When Spanish conquistadors (explorers) discovered coca plants, they sent them back to Europe. People started using cocaine as a medicine, as well as in drinks and food. This was because they did not know how damaging and addictive the drug could be when used.

In America, cocaine was used during surgery, or to treat toothaches. It was also put into drinks. When Coca-Cola was first made in 1885, it got the first part of its name from the "handful of coca leaves" added to the drink for energy. (The caffeine in the drink came from the kola nut, so the name "Coca-Cola" was chosen.) Cocaine was taken out of Coca-Cola completely by the 1920s because of pressure from groups in the United States.

Effects of cocaine

When cocaine is applied topically (onto the skin or gums), it causes numbness.

When cocaine is chewed or eaten, inhaled into the nose ("snorted"), or injected into the veins, it causes people to feel euphoric (very happy), alert, very confident, and full of energy. This feeling is called being "high." Some people who take cocaine also have unpleasant feelings. They may feel worried, anxious, or even paranoid. They may also have physical symptoms, like shaking, a high heart rate, and high body temperature.

Cocaine cannot be smoked in its normal form. It must react with another chemical to form crack cocaine, which can be smoked. This is because burning normal cocaine destroys it, so the user does not get the effect they want.

Cocaine as an illegal drug

Main article: Crack (drug)
File:CocaineHydrochloridePowder.jpg
Cocaine hydrochloride powder

In most countries, it is illegal to make, sell, or use cocaine (unless it is being used for approved medical reasons).

As an illegal drug, cocaine can be used in its powder form, or it can be made into crack cocaine. Usually, crack is made by adding baking soda and water to cocaine and then heating the mixture. Crack is usually less expensive than the normal form of cocaine. Crack is usually smoked. It gives users a high that is very strong, but does not last as long as the high from regular cocaine. Both forms of cocaine are addictive, although crack cocaine is thought to be more addictive as it is usually smoked.

Dangers of using cocaine

If people use cocaine, they may take too much and get sick or even die. This is called an "overdose". When people take cocaine, they get intoxicated as well. When a person is intoxicated, they may do dangerous things, such as having unsafe sex with a person they do not know, or getting into a violent fight with a person.

If a person uses cocaine for a long time, they can start to get strange feelings, like there are bugs crawling under their skin, or they can get paranoia (a feeling that there are people that want to hurt them).

Cocaine is a very addictive drug. It can lead to psychological and/or physical dependence. When a person is addicted to a drug, they might do bad or criminal acts in order to get money for more drugs, such as crimes (for example theft, robbery, fraud, or prostitution). If the person tries to stop using cocaine, they will go through cocaine withdrawal.

Another danger from using cocaine is the risk of infection when using unsafe ways of taking cocaine (like using dirty needles when injecting cocaine). A person can get infectious diseases like HIV or Hepatitis C when they use cocaine in these ways.

Cocaine as a legal medicine

Cocaine is also occasionally used as a legal medicine in Australia and some parts of Europe, if a person has a prescription from a doctor. Doctors sometimes prescribe cocaine for people who want to lose weight, because cocaine decreases the appetite.

Dentists in countries like Australia sometimes use forms of cocaine in dental operations, as an anaesthetic. Anaesthetics are medicines or drugs which stop a person from feeling pain. Doctors, surgeons, and dentists use anaesthetics when they are doing operations, so that the patient will not feel pain. Dentists put the cocaine on the patient's mouth so that the patient will not feel pain in their mouth during the operation.

Notes and references

<references group="" responsive="1"></references>


Stimulants
Adamantanes
Adenosine antagonists
Alkylamines
Ampakines
Arylcyclohexylamines


Local anesthetics (primarily sodium channel blockers) (N01B)
Esters by acid
Amides
Combinations


Ancient anaesthesia
Plants / animals
* Aconitum (aconite)
People
Compounds


Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
DAT


(DRIs

)
NET


(NRIs

)
SERT


(SRIs

)
VMATs
Others
* Unsorted: Cendifensine


Sigma receptor modulators
σ1
* Agonists: 3-PPP
σ2
Unsorted
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