Nicotinic acid: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox chemical | |||
| name = Nicotinic acid | |||
| image = Niacin.png | |||
| image_size = 150px | |||
| image_caption = Structure of Nicotinic acid | |||
| IUPAC_name = Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid | |||
| other_names = Niacin, Vitamin B3, Nicotinamide acid | |||
| formula = C6H5NO2 | |||
| molar_mass = 123.11 g/mol | |||
| CAS_number = 59-67-6 | |||
| PubChem = 6077 | |||
}} | |||
'''Nicotinic acid''' (also known as [[niacin]] or vitamin B3) is an organic compound and a vitamer of vitamin B3, an essential [[human nutrition|human nutrient]]. It plays a vital role in metabolism and is involved in the production of [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide]] (NAD) and [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate]] (NADP), two crucial cofactors in redox reactions. This compound is produced by both plants and animals from the amino acid [[tryptophan]]. | |||
==Chemical Structure and Properties== | |||
Nicotinic acid has the chemical formula C₆H₅NO₂, and it belongs to the group of [[pyridinecarboxylic acids]]. It is characterized by its [[pyridine]] ring with a carboxyl group at the 3-position. | |||
==Pharmacology and Therapeutic Use== | |||
Nicotinic acid is also available as a [[prescription medication]]. When taken in amounts far in excess of the recommended dietary intake for its vitamin function, nicotinic acid can lower [[triglycerides]] and [[low-density lipoprotein cholesterol]] (LDL-C), and raise [[high-density lipoprotein cholesterol]] (HDL-C), often referred to as "good" cholesterol. These lipid changes have been used therapeutically to manage [[hyperlipidemia]], a condition marked by high cholesterol levels. | |||
There are two main forms of prescription nicotinic acid: | |||
* [[Immediate-release nicotinic acid]] | |||
* [[Sustained-release nicotinic acid]] | |||
===Dosage and Administration=== | |||
For lipid management, initial prescription doses are typically 500 mg/day, which may be gradually increased over time until a therapeutic effect is achieved. The highest approved doses are: | |||
* Immediate-release: up to 3,000 mg/day | |||
* Sustained-release: up to 2,000 mg/day | |||
==Efficacy and Controversies== | |||
While nicotinic acid is effective at improving lipid levels, its overall impact on reducing [[cardiovascular disease]] risk has been debated. A 2010 review concluded that nicotinic acid was effective as a monotherapy for improving lipid profiles. However, a larger 2017 review, which incorporated twice as many trials, concluded that although nicotinic acid affected lipid levels, it did not reduce [[all-cause mortality]], [[cardiovascular mortality]], [[myocardial infarctions]], or [[stroke]]. Furthermore, its use in individuals already prescribed a [[statin]] has not demonstrated additional benefits in terms of [[cardiovascular disease prevention]]. | |||
===Adverse Effects=== | |||
Prescription nicotinic acid has been associated with several adverse effects. These include [[hepatotoxicity]] (liver damage), which may require monitoring of liver function during treatment. Other side effects include an increased risk of developing [[type 2 diabetes]]. | |||
The use of nicotinic acid has also led to a decline in its prescription rates in the U.S., where prescriptions peaked at 9.4 million in 2009 and fell to 800,000 by 2020. Despite the proven lipid-altering effects, its long-term use has been reconsidered due to the associated risks. | |||
==Role in Metabolism== | |||
Nicotinic acid is a precursor to the coenzymes [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide]] (NAD) and [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate]] (NADP), which are essential for redox reactions involved in cellular energy production. These coenzymes also play a critical role in DNA repair and [[cellular repair]] mechanisms. NAD+ and NADP+ are involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions throughout the body, which are crucial for proper cellular function. | |||
==Nicotinic Acid in Food Sources== | |||
Nicotinic acid is present in a variety of foods, including: | |||
* [[Poultry]] | |||
* [[Fish]] | |||
* [[Whole grains]] | |||
* [[Peanuts]] | |||
* [[Legumes]] | |||
The body can also synthesize nicotinic acid from the amino acid [[tryptophan]], which is found in foods like [[turkey]], [[chicken]], and [[dairy products]]. | |||
==See Also== | |||
* [[Niacinamide]] | |||
* [[Vitamin B3]] | |||
* [[Hyperlipidemia]] | |||
* [[Cardiovascular disease]] | |||
* [[Hepatotoxicity]] | |||
* [[Statins]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==External Links== | |||
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3452473/ Niacin and its effects on lipids - NCBI] | |||
* [https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262573 Niacin - Medical News Today] | |||
{{Vitamin}} | |||
{{Peripheral vasodilators}} | |||
{{Lipid modifying agents}} | |||
{{Estrogen receptor modulators}} | |||
{{GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators}} | |||
{{Portal bar | Medicine}} | |||
{{stub}} | |||
[[Category:Drugs developed by AbbVie]] | |||
[[Category:Aromatic acids]] | |||
[[Category:B vitamins]] | |||
[[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]] | |||
[[Category:CYP3A4 inhibitors]] | |||
[[Category:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]] | |||
[[Category:GPER agonists]] | |||
[[Category:Hypolipidemic agents]] | |||
[[Category:3-Pyridyl compounds]] | |||
[[Category:Multiple Chemboxes|X]] | |||
Latest revision as of 04:12, 1 March 2025
_space_filling_model.jpg)
| Nicotinic acid | |
|---|---|
| Niacin.png | |
| Structure of Nicotinic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| ChemSpider ID | |
| UNII | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical Formula | C6H5NO2 |
| Molar Mass | 123.11 g/mol |
| Appearance | |
| Density | |
| Melting Point | |
| Boiling Point | |
| Hazards | |
| GHS Pictograms | [[File:|50px]] |
| GHS Signal Word | |
| GHS Hazard Statements | |
| NFPA 704 | [[File:|50px]] |
| References | |
Nicotinic acid (also known as niacin or vitamin B3) is an organic compound and a vitamer of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient. It plays a vital role in metabolism and is involved in the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), two crucial cofactors in redox reactions. This compound is produced by both plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan.
Chemical Structure and Properties[edit]
Nicotinic acid has the chemical formula C₆H₅NO₂, and it belongs to the group of pyridinecarboxylic acids. It is characterized by its pyridine ring with a carboxyl group at the 3-position.
Pharmacology and Therapeutic Use[edit]
Nicotinic acid is also available as a prescription medication. When taken in amounts far in excess of the recommended dietary intake for its vitamin function, nicotinic acid can lower triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), often referred to as "good" cholesterol. These lipid changes have been used therapeutically to manage hyperlipidemia, a condition marked by high cholesterol levels.
There are two main forms of prescription nicotinic acid:
Dosage and Administration[edit]
For lipid management, initial prescription doses are typically 500 mg/day, which may be gradually increased over time until a therapeutic effect is achieved. The highest approved doses are:
- Immediate-release: up to 3,000 mg/day
- Sustained-release: up to 2,000 mg/day
Efficacy and Controversies[edit]
While nicotinic acid is effective at improving lipid levels, its overall impact on reducing cardiovascular disease risk has been debated. A 2010 review concluded that nicotinic acid was effective as a monotherapy for improving lipid profiles. However, a larger 2017 review, which incorporated twice as many trials, concluded that although nicotinic acid affected lipid levels, it did not reduce all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarctions, or stroke. Furthermore, its use in individuals already prescribed a statin has not demonstrated additional benefits in terms of cardiovascular disease prevention.
Adverse Effects[edit]
Prescription nicotinic acid has been associated with several adverse effects. These include hepatotoxicity (liver damage), which may require monitoring of liver function during treatment. Other side effects include an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
The use of nicotinic acid has also led to a decline in its prescription rates in the U.S., where prescriptions peaked at 9.4 million in 2009 and fell to 800,000 by 2020. Despite the proven lipid-altering effects, its long-term use has been reconsidered due to the associated risks.
Role in Metabolism[edit]
Nicotinic acid is a precursor to the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are essential for redox reactions involved in cellular energy production. These coenzymes also play a critical role in DNA repair and cellular repair mechanisms. NAD+ and NADP+ are involved in hundreds of enzymatic reactions throughout the body, which are crucial for proper cellular function.
Nicotinic Acid in Food Sources[edit]
Nicotinic acid is present in a variety of foods, including:
The body can also synthesize nicotinic acid from the amino acid tryptophan, which is found in foods like turkey, chicken, and dairy products.
See Also[edit]
References[edit]
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>
External Links[edit]
Vitamins[edit]A[edit]B[edit]
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E[edit]F[edit]I[edit]K[edit] |
M[edit]N[edit]P[edit]R[edit] |
S[edit]T[edit]V[edit]
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