Estradiol
Estradiol (E2) is the most potent naturally occurring female sex hormone and a primary type of estrogen. Essential for female reproductive health, estradiol governs various stages of the menstrual cycle, fosters the development of female secondary sexual attributes, and is indispensable during pregnancy. Beyond reproductive health, it influences diverse physiological aspects, spanning bone density, mood stabilization, skin vitality, and heart health.[1]
Biochemical Properties
Estradiol, a steroid hormone, originates from cholesterol. Predominantly produced in the ovaries and placenta among females, it's also generated in lesser quantities in the testes of males. Other synthesis sites include fat tissues and the brain. The hormone arises from the aromatization of testosterone, a process orchestrated by the enzyme aromatase.[2]
Broad Physiological Impact
Estradiol's influence is pervasive, impacting a myriad of tissues and organs:
- Reproductive Functions: Estradiol is the linchpin in menstrual cycle regulation, fostering uterine lining growth during the cycle's initial phase and guiding the maturation of ovarian follicles.[3]
- Skeletal System: Vital for skeletal health, estradiol bolsters bone density by amplifying osteoblast activity (bone-forming cells) while restraining osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells).[4]
- Cardiovascular System: Estradiol safeguards heart health, promoting blood vessel dilation and preserving their elasticity.[5]
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Beyond physical health, estradiol exerts neuroprotective qualities and potentially modulates emotional and cognitive faculties.[6]
Clinical Relevance
Clinicians monitor estradiol levels via blood assays to diagnose reproductive disorders, encompassing menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and fertility complications. Therapeutically, estradiol forms the backbone of hormone replacement therapies (HRT) to manage menopausal symptoms, features in oral contraceptives, and is utilized in transgender hormone regimens.[7]
Related Topics
References
- ↑ Stachenfeld, NS, Sex hormone effects on body fluid regulation, Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2008, DOI: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31817be928, PMID: 18580311,
- ↑ Simpson, ER, Aromatase: biologic relevance of tissue-specific expression, Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 2004, DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-831902, PMID: 15319824,
- ↑ Hillier, SG, Current concepts of the roles of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in folliculogenesis, Human Reproduction, 1994, DOI: 10.1093/humrep/9.2.188, PMID: 7989485,
- ↑ Khosla, S, Estrogen and bone: insights from estrogen-resistant, aromatase-deficient, and normal men, Bone, 2008, DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.03.021, PMID: 18501504,
- ↑ Collins, P, Estrogen and cardiovascular function after menopause, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2001, DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01410-1, PMID: 11499724,
- ↑ McEwen, B, Estrogen actions in the central nervous system, Endocrine Reviews, 1999, DOI: 10.1210/edrv.20.3.0365, PMID: 10368772,
- ↑ Zhou, J, Clinical uses of estradiol in men and women, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2020, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.030, PMID: 32068045,
Estradiol
Diagram of steroidogenesis
Estradiol levels across the normal menstrual cycle in women
Estradiol during menstrual cycle
Estradiol during menstrual cycle
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