Category:Antibiotics: Difference between revisions

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Antibacterials active on the cell wall and envelope (J01C-J01D)

β-lactams
(inhibit synthesis
of peptidoglycan
layer of bacterial
cell wall by binding
to and inhibiting
PBPs, a group of
D-alanyl-D-alanine
transpeptidases)

Penicillins (Penams)

Narrow
spectrum

β-lactamase sensitive (1st generation)	- Benzylpenicillin (G)^# - Benzathine benzylpenicillin^# - Procaine benzylpenicillin^# - Phenoxymethylpenicillin (V)^# - Propicillin^‡ - Pheneticillin^‡ - Azidocillin^‡ - Clometocillin^‡ - Penamecillin^‡
β-lactamase resistant (2nd generation)	- Cloxacillin^# (Dicloxacillin - Flucloxacillin) - Oxacillin - Nafcillin - Methicillin^‡

Extended
spectrum

Aminopenicillins (3rd generation)	- Amoxicillin^# - Ampicillin^# (Pivampicillin - Hetacillin^‡ - Bacampicillin^‡ - Lenampicillin - Metampicillin^‡ - Talampicillin^‡) - Epicillin^‡
Carboxypenicillins (4th generation)	- Ticarcillin - Carbenicillin^‡ / Carindacillin^‡ - Temocillin^‡
Ureidopenicillins (4th generation)	- Piperacillin - Azlocillin^‡ - Mezlocillin^‡
Other	- Mecillinam (Pivmecillinam) - Sulbenicillin^‡

Carbapenems / Penems

- Carbapenems (Ertapenem

- Antipseudomonal (Doripenem - Imipenem - Meropenem) - Biapenem^‡ - Panipenem) - Penems (Faropenem - Ritipenem^§

- Sulopenem)

Cephems
Cephalosporins
Cephamycins
Carbacephems

1st generation	- Cefazolin^# - Cefalexin ^# - Cefadroxil - Cefapirin - Cefazedone^‡ - Cefazaflur^‡ - Cefradine^‡ - Cefroxadine^‡ - Ceftezole^‡ - Cefaloglycin^‡ - Cefacetrile^‡ - Cefalonium^‡ - Cefaloridine^‡ - Cefalotin - Cefatrizine^‡
2nd generation	- Cefaclor - Cefprozil - Cefuroxime - Cefuroxime axetil - Cefamandole^‡ - Cefonicid^‡ - Ceforanide^‡ - Cefuzonam^‡ - Cephamycin (Cefoxitin - Cefotetan - Cefminox^‡ - Cefbuperazone^‡ - Cefmetazole^‡) - Carbacephem (Loracarbef^‡)
3rd generation	- Cefixime^# - Ceftriaxone^# - Cefotaxime^# - Antipseudomonal (Ceftazidime^# - Cefoperazone) - Cefdinir - Cefcapene - Cefdaloxime - Ceftizoxime - Cefmenoxime - Cefpiramide - Cefpodoxime - Ceftibuten - Cefditoren - Cefotiam^‡ - Cefetamet^‡ - Cefodizime^‡ - Cefpimizole^‡ - Cefsulodin^‡ - Cefteram^‡ - Ceftiolene^‡ - Oxacephem (Flomoxef - Latamoxef^‡)
4th generation	- Cefepime - Cefozopran^‡ - Cefpirome - Cefquinome^‡
5th generation	- Ceftaroline fosamil - Ceftolozane - Ceftobiprole

Monobactams

- Aztreonam

- Tigemonam^‡ - Carumonam^‡

- Nocardicin A^‡

β-lactamase inhibitors

- Penam (Sulbactam

- Tazobactam) - Clavam (Clavulanic acid) - non-β-lactam (Avibactam - Durlobactam - Relebactam

- Vaborbactam)

Polypeptides

Lipopeptides	- Insert into bacterial cell wall causing perforation and depolarization: Daptomycin - Surfactin
Other	- Inhibits PG elongation and crosslinking: Ramoplanin^§

Intracellular

- Inhibit PG subunit synthesis and transport: NAM synthesis inhibition (Fosfomycin)

- DADAL/AR inhibitors (Cycloserine)

- bactoprenol inhibitors (Bacitracin)

Other

- Hydrolyze NAM-NAG

- - lysozyme - Tyrothricin - - Gramicidin - - Tyrocidine - Isoniazid^#

- Teixobactin

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Antibacterials that inhibit nucleic acid (J01E, J01M)

Antifolates (inhibit bacterial purine metabolism, inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis)	DHFR inhibitors - 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine (Brodimoprim - Iclaprim - Ormetoprim - Pyrimethamine - Tetroxoprim - Trimethoprim) Sulfonamides (DHPS inhibitors) Short-acting - Sulfisomidine - Sulfamethizole - Sulfadimidine (Sulfamethazine - Sulfadimerazine - Sulfadimezine) - Sulfapyridine (Sulfasalazine) - Sulfafurazole (Acetyl sulfisoxazole) - Sulfanilamide (Prontosil) - Sulfathiazole (Phthalylsulfathiazole - Succinylsulfathiazole) - Sulfathiourea Intermediate-acting - Sulfamethoxazole - Sulfadiazine - Sulfamoxole Long-acting - Sulfadimethoxine - Sulfadoxine - Sulfalene - Sulfametomidine - Sulfametoxydiazine - Sulfamethoxypyridazine - Sulfaperin - Sulfamerazine - Sulfaphenazole - Sulfamazone Other/ungrouped - Mafenide - Sulfacetamide - Sulfaclozine - Sulfadicramide - Sulfaguanidine - Sulfametrole - Sulfanitran Combinations - Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine - Pyrimethamine/dapsone - Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine Other DHPS inhibitors - Acediasulfone - Dapsone - Solasulfone - Sulfoxone
Quinolones (inhibit topoisomerase/DNA gyrase)	1st Generation - Cinoxacin - Flumequine - Nalidixic acid - Oxolinic acid - Pipemidic acid - Piromidic acid - Rosoxacin Fluoroquinolones 2nd Gen - Ciprofloxacin - Ofloxacin - Enoxacin - Fleroxacin - Lomefloxacin - Nadifloxacin - Levonadifloxacin - Alalevonadifloxacin - Norfloxacin - Pefloxacin - Rufloxacin 3rd Gen - Levofloxacin - Balofloxacin - Grepafloxacin - Pazufloxacin - Sparfloxacin - Temafloxacin - Tosufloxacin 4th Gen - Besifloxacin - Delafloxacin - Gatifloxacin - Finafloxacin - Gemifloxacin - Moxifloxacin - Clinafloxacin - Garenoxacin - Prulifloxacin - Sitafloxacin - Trovafloxacin - Alatrofloxacin Veterinary use - Danofloxacin - Difloxacin - Enrofloxacin - Ibafloxacin - Marbofloxacin - Orbifloxacin - Pradofloxacin - Sarafloxacin Newer non-fluorinated - Nemonoxacin - Ozenoxacin Related (DNA gyrase) - Aminocoumarins (Novobiocin)
Anaerobic DNA inhibitors	Nitroimidazole derivatives - Secnidazole
RNA synthesis inhibitors	Rifamycins - Rifampicin - Rifabutin - Rifapentine - Rifaximin - Rifalazil Lipiarmycins - Fidaxomicin

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Antibacterials that inhibit protein synthesis (J01A, J01B, J01F, J01G, QJ01XQ)

30S

Aminoglycosides (initiation inhibitors)

-mycin (Streptomyces)	- Streptomycin# - Dihydrostreptomycin - Neomycin# -- Framycetin -- Paromomycin# -- Ribostamycin - Kanamycin -- Amikacin# -- Arbekacin -- Bekanamycin -- Dibekacin - Tobramycin (+loteprednol) - Spectinomycin# - Hygromycin B - Totomycin - Apramycin - Nourseothricin
-micin (Micromonospora)	- Gentamicin# -- Netilmicin -- Sisomicin -- Micronomicin -- Plazomicin# -- Isepamicin - Verdamicin - Astromicin
other	- Butirosin

Tetracycline antibiotics (tRNA binding)

Tetracyclines	- Doxycycline# - Chlortetracycline - Clomocycline - Demeclocycline - Eravacycline - Lymecycline - Meclocycline‡ - Metacycline - Minocycline - Omadacycline - Oxytetracycline - Penimepicycline - Rolitetracycline - Sarecycline - Tetracycline#
Glycylcyclines	- Tigecycline

50S

Oxazolidinone (initiation inhibitors)

- Eperezolid - Linezolid# - Posizolid - Radezolid - Ranbezolid - Sutezolid - Tedizolid

Peptidyl transferase

Amphenicols

- Chloramphenicol# - Azidamfenicol - Thiamphenicol - Florfenicol

MLS (transpeptidation/translocation)

Macrolides	- Azithromycin# - Boromycin - Carbomycin - Carrimycin - Clarithromycin# - Dirithromycin - Erythromycin# - Flurithromycin - Gamithromycin - Josamycin - Kitasamycin - Midecamycin - Miocamycin - Nafithromycin - Oleandomycin - Rokitamycin - Roxithromycin - Solithromycin - Spiramycin - Telithromycin - Tildipirosin - Tilmicosin - Troleandomycin - Tulathromycin - Tylosin - Tylvalosin
Ketolides	- Telithromycin‡ - Cethromycin - Solithromycin†
Lincosamides	- Clindamycin# - Lincomycin - Pirlimycin
Streptogramins	- Pristinamycin (IA, IIA, IIB) - NXL103 (Flopristin, Linopristin) - Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Dalfopristin, Quinupristin) - Streptogramin A - Streptogramin B - Virginiamycin (S1)

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Use of antimicrobials

Types	*Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral Antiparasitic
Concepts	* Antibiotic sensitivity Antimicrobial resistance multidrug Antibiotic prophylaxis Empiric therapy Directed therapy
Social issues	*Antimicrobial stewardship Antibiotic misuse
Pharmacology	*Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics List of antibiotics Production of antibiotics
Agriculture	*Antibiotic use in livestock Antibiotics in poultry farming in America Subtherapeutic antibiotic use in swine Pesticide resistance

Category:Antibiotics: Difference between revisions

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