Actinorhodin

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Actinorhodin


Actinorhodin is a blue antibiotic pigment produced by the bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. It is a member of the quinone family of antibiotics and is known for its distinctive blue color. Actinorhodin is one of the few known naturally occurring blue pigments and is used as a model system for studying antibiotic production in Streptomyces species.

Structure and Biosynthesis[edit]

Actinorhodin is a polyketide antibiotic, meaning it is synthesized by the sequential addition of acetate or propionate units to a growing chain. The biosynthesis of actinorhodin is carried out by a type II polyketide synthase, which is encoded by the act gene cluster in S. coelicolor. The act gene cluster contains 21 genes, which are responsible for the synthesis, export, and regulation of actinorhodin production.

Biological Activity[edit]

Actinorhodin exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. It functions by intercalating into DNA, disrupting the double helix structure and inhibiting DNA replication. This makes actinorhodin a valuable tool for studying DNA replication and repair mechanisms.

Research and Applications[edit]

Due to its distinctive color and well-characterized biosynthetic pathway, actinorhodin is often used as a model system for studying antibiotic production in Streptomyces species. It has also been used in research to develop new methods for producing and optimizing the production of polyketide antibiotics.

See Also[edit]

References[edit]

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Types of antibacterials
Antibacterials that inhibit protein synthesis (J01A, J01B, J01F, J01G, QJ01XQ)
30S
50S
Oxazolidinone (initiation inhibitors)
Peptidyl transferase
MLS (transpeptidation/translocation)
Antibacterials active on the cell wall and envelope (J01C-J01D)
β-lactams
(inhibit synthesis
of peptidoglycan
layer of bacterial
cell wall by binding
to and inhibiting
PBPs, a group of
D-alanyl-D-alanine
transpeptidases)
Penicillins (Penams)
Narrow
spectrum
Extended
spectrum
Carbapenems / Penems
Cephems
Cephalosporins
Cephamycins
Carbacephems
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
5th generation
Monobactams
β-lactamase inhibitors
Polypeptides
Lipopeptides
- Insert into bacterial cell wall causing perforation and depolarization: Daptomycin - Surfactin
Other
- Inhibits PG elongation and crosslinking: Ramoplanin§
Intracellular
- Inhibit PG subunit synthesis and transport: NAM synthesis inhibition (Fosfomycin)

- DADAL/AR inhibitors (Cycloserine)

- bactoprenol inhibitors (Bacitracin)
Other
- Hydrolyze NAM-NAG

- - lysozyme - Tyrothricin - - Gramicidin - - Tyrocidine - Isoniazid#

- Teixobactin


Antibacterials that inhibit nucleic acid (J01E, J01M)
Antifolates
(inhibit bacterial
purine metabolism,
inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis)

DHFR inhibitors - 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine (Brodimoprim - Iclaprim - Ormetoprim - Pyrimethamine - Tetroxoprim - Trimethoprim)
Sulfonamides (DHPS inhibitors)
Short-acting - Sulfisomidine - Sulfamethizole - Sulfadimidine (Sulfamethazine - Sulfadimerazine - Sulfadimezine) - Sulfapyridine (Sulfasalazine) - Sulfafurazole (Acetyl sulfisoxazole) - Sulfanilamide (Prontosil) - Sulfathiazole (Phthalylsulfathiazole - Succinylsulfathiazole) - Sulfathiourea

Intermediate-acting - Sulfamethoxazole - Sulfadiazine - Sulfamoxole

Long-acting - Sulfadimethoxine - Sulfadoxine - Sulfalene - Sulfametomidine - Sulfametoxydiazine - Sulfamethoxypyridazine - Sulfaperin - Sulfamerazine - Sulfaphenazole - Sulfamazone

Other/ungrouped - Mafenide - Sulfacetamide - Sulfaclozine - Sulfadicramide - Sulfaguanidine - Sulfametrole - Sulfanitran

Combinations - Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole - Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine - Pyrimethamine/dapsone - Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine

Other DHPS inhibitors - Acediasulfone - Dapsone - Solasulfone - Sulfoxone

Quinolones
(inhibit topoisomerase/DNA gyrase)

1st Generation - Cinoxacin - Flumequine - Nalidixic acid - Oxolinic acid - Pipemidic acid - Piromidic acid - Rosoxacin

Fluoroquinolones
2nd Gen - Ciprofloxacin - Ofloxacin - Enoxacin - Fleroxacin - Lomefloxacin - Nadifloxacin - Levonadifloxacin - Alalevonadifloxacin - Norfloxacin - Pefloxacin - Rufloxacin

3rd Gen - Levofloxacin - Balofloxacin - Grepafloxacin - Pazufloxacin - Sparfloxacin - Temafloxacin - Tosufloxacin

4th Gen - Besifloxacin - Delafloxacin - Gatifloxacin - Finafloxacin - Gemifloxacin - Moxifloxacin - Clinafloxacin - Garenoxacin - Prulifloxacin - Sitafloxacin - Trovafloxacin - Alatrofloxacin

Veterinary use - Danofloxacin - Difloxacin - Enrofloxacin - Ibafloxacin - Marbofloxacin - Orbifloxacin - Pradofloxacin - Sarafloxacin

Newer non-fluorinated - Nemonoxacin - Ozenoxacin Related (DNA gyrase) - Aminocoumarins (Novobiocin)

Anaerobic DNA inhibitors

Nitroimidazole derivatives - Secnidazole

RNA synthesis inhibitors

Rifamycins - Rifampicin - Rifabutin - Rifapentine - Rifaximin - Rifalazil
Lipiarmycins - Fidaxomicin


Antibacterials: others (J01X, D06AX)
Other/ungrouped


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