Dextroamphetamine

D-amphetamine

Dextroamphetamine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and amphetamine enantiomer that is prescribed for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used as an athletic performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant.

Pharmacology

Dextroamphetamine is a psychostimulant that increases the levels of neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain by inhibiting their reuptake and promoting their release. This results in increased neuronal activity, which leads to the stimulation of the central nervous system.

Medical Uses

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Dextroamphetamine is primarily used as a treatment for ADHD. It has been found to improve the core symptoms of this disorder, including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It can also improve executive function, helping individuals with ADHD to better manage their daily activities and improve their quality of life.

Narcolepsy

Dextroamphetamine is also used in the treatment of narcolepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep paralysis, and in some cases, sudden loss of muscle control (cataplexy). It helps to promote wakefulness and reduce the frequency and severity of sleep attacks.

Side Effects and Risks

Like all medications, dextroamphetamine can cause side effects. Common side effects include dry mouth, loss of appetite, weight loss, insomnia, and increased heart rate. In some cases, it can also cause more serious side effects, such as high blood pressure, rapid or irregular heartbeat, and mental/mood changes (e.g., agitation, aggression, mood swings, depression, hallucinations, suicidal thoughts).

Long-term use of dextroamphetamine can lead to tolerance and dependence. Abrupt cessation after prolonged use can lead to withdrawal symptoms, which can include fatigue, depression, and disturbed sleep patterns.

Legal Status and Recreation Use

In many countries, dextroamphetamine is a controlled substance due to its potential for misuse and addiction. Despite this, it is often used recreationally for its euphoric effects, cognitive enhancement, and increased sexual arousal and performance. However, recreational use carries significant risks, including addiction, psychosis, and cardiovascular complications.

References

Heal, D. J., Smith, S. L., Gosden, J., & Nutt, D. J. (2013). Amphetamine, past and present–a pharmacological and clinical perspective. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 27(6), 479-496.
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2018). Prescription Stimulants. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/prescription-stimulants

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