Allergy

Allergy

Hives are a common allergic symptom

Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are hypersensitive reactions of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These substances, known as allergens, can trigger a range of symptoms, from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening reactions.

Misc. pollen colorized

An allergy is an immune system response to a foreign substance that's not typically harmful to the body. These foreign substances are called allergens. They can include certain foods, pollen, or pet dander. The immune system's reaction can inflame the skin, sinuses, airways, or digestive system. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}

Prevalence and Impact

Allergies are among the most common chronic conditions worldwide. In the United States, allergies are the sixth leading cause of chronic illness, affecting more than 50 million Americans annually.

Common Allergens

In addition to foreign proteins found in foreign serum (from blood transfusions) and vaccines, common allergens include:

• Plant pollens (Hay fever)
  • rye grass
  • ragweed
  • timothy grass
  • birch trees
• Mold spores
• Drugs
  • penicillins
  • sulfonamides
  • salicylates (also found naturally in numerous fruits)
  • local anaesthetics
• Foods (food allergy)
  • nuts
  • sesame
  • seafood
  • egg (typically albumen, the white)
  • peas, beans, peanuts, soybeans and other legumes
  • soy
  • milk
  • wheat
  • corn or maize
• Insect stings
  • bee sting venom
  • wasp sting venom
• Animal products (animal allergy)
  • Animal hair and dander
  • cockroach calyx
  • dust mite excretion

Understanding the nature of allergies is crucial for effective management and treatment. The subsequent chapters will delve deeper into the causes, mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of allergic reactions.

Causes and Mechanisms of Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies a harmless substance as a threat and mounts an inappropriate response.

Immune System Involvement

The immune system typically protects the body from harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. In allergic individuals, the immune system overreacts to allergens by producing Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. These antibodies travel to cells that release chemicals, causing an allergic reaction. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

Common Triggers

• Pollen: Released by trees, grasses, and weeds, leading to seasonal allergies.
• Dust mites: Microscopic organisms living in house dust.
• Mold: Fungi that thrive in damp environments.
• Animal dander: Skin flakes from pets like cats and dogs.
• Certain foods: Such as peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, and dairy products.
• Insect stings: Bees, wasps, and ants can cause severe reactions.
• Medications: Antibiotics like penicillin.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing allergies:

• Genetics: A family history of allergies can predispose individuals.
• Age: Children are more prone, though allergies can develop at any age.
• Asthma or other allergic conditions: Having one type of allergic condition makes developing another more likely.

Understanding these causes and mechanisms is essential for diagnosing and managing allergies effectively.

Symptoms and Types of Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions can manifest in various ways, depending on the allergen and the individual's immune response.

Common Symptoms

• Nasal passages: Sneezing, itching, congestion, runny nose.
• Eyes: Redness, itching, watery eyes.
• Skin: Hives, eczema, itching.
• Airways: Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath.
• Digestive system: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting.

Types of Allergic Reactions

1. Hay Fever (Allergic Rhinitis)]]: Affects the nasal passages, causing sneezing, itching, and congestion. 2. Asthma]]: Airway inflammation leading to wheezing and breathing difficulties. 3. Food Allergies]]: Triggered by specific foods, causing symptoms like hives, swelling, or anaphylaxis. 4. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)]]: Skin reaction causing itching, redness, and flaking. 5. Anaphylaxis]]: A severe, potentially life-threatening reaction that can occur rapidly, affecting multiple body systems.

Recognizing the symptoms and types of allergic reactions is crucial for timely intervention and management.

Diagnosis of Allergies

Accurate diagnosis is vital for effective allergy management.

Medical History and Physical Examination

A comprehensive medical history and physical exam help identify potential allergens and assess the severity of reactions.

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  Allergy skin testing
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  Skintest2
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  Epikutanni-test

Diagnostic Tests

• Skin Prick Test: Small amounts of suspected allergens are introduced into the skin to observe reactions.
• Blood Tests: Measure the presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies.
• Patch Testing: Identifies causes of contact dermatitis by applying allergens to the skin.
• Elimination Diets: Systematically removing and reintroducing foods to identify triggers.

Proper diagnosis enables targeted treatment strategies and allergen avoidance plans.

Management and Treatment of Allergies

Managing allergies involves a combination of avoidance strategies, medications, and, in some cases, immunotherapy.

Avoidance of Allergens

Identifying and avoiding allergens is the first step in managing allergic reactions. This may involve:

• Using air purifiers to reduce airborne allergens.
• Implementing dust mite-proof bedding.
• Reading food labels carefully to avoid food allergens.

Medications

Several medications can help alleviate allergy symptoms:

• Antihistamines: Reduce sneezing, itching, and runny nose.
• Decongestants: Relieve nasal congestion.
• Corticosteroids: Reduce inflammation in nasal passages or airways.
• Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Used for emergency treatment of severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis.

Immunotherapy

Also known as allergy shots, immunotherapy involves gradually exposing the immune system to increasing amounts of the allergen to build tolerance. This approach can reduce the severity of reactions over time and is particularly effective for environmental allergens and insect stings.

House dust mite

Allergy testing machine

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

• Saline nasal irrigation: Helps relieve nasal congestion.
• HEPA filters: Reduce airborne allergens in the home.
• Regular cleaning: Minimizes dust, mold, and pet dander accumulation.

Effective management improves quality of life and reduces the risk of severe reactions.

Prevention of Allergies

While not all allergies can be prevented, certain strategies may reduce the risk of developing allergic reactions.

Early Exposure

Introducing potential allergens to children at an early age, such as peanuts, may decrease the risk of developing food allergies. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

Breastfeeding

Exclusive breastfeeding during the first few months of life may lower the risk of allergic conditions like atopic dermatitis. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

Environmental Controls

• Reducing exposure to tobacco smoke: Lowers the risk of developing allergies.
• Controlling indoor humidity: Prevents mold growth.
• Using allergen-proof bedding: Reduces exposure to dust mites.

Complications of Allergies

Allergic reactions can range from mild to severe and, in some cases, lead to significant health complications. Proper management is essential to prevent long-term consequences.

1. Anaphylaxis: A Life-Threatening Reaction

Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction, affecting multiple organ systems and requiring immediate medical attention.

Symptoms of Anaphylaxis:

• [[Swelling of the throat and tongue → Can obstruct breathing.
• [[Severe shortness of breath → Due to airway constriction.
• [[Drop in blood pressure (shock) → Leading to dizziness or fainting.
• [[Rapid or weak pulse.
• [[Skin reactions → Hives, flushing, or severe itching.

Common Triggers:

• [[Food allergies (e.g., peanuts, shellfish, tree nuts).
• [[Insect stings (e.g., bee or wasp venom).
• [[Medications (e.g., penicillin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
• [[Latex exposure.

Emergency Treatment:

• Immediate administration of epinephrine (EpiPen).
• Emergency medical assistance is required to prevent fatal complications.

2. Chronic Sinusitis and Respiratory Issues

Persistent exposure to airborne allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites, mold) can lead to chronic inflammation in the nasal passages and sinuses.

Complications:

• [[Chronic sinusitis → Recurrent or persistent sinus infections.
• [[Asthma exacerbation → Allergic reactions can worsen asthma, leading to severe breathing difficulties.
• [[Otitis media → Fluid buildup in the middle ear, increasing the risk of ear infections.

3. Allergic Dermatitis and Skin Reactions

Certain allergens cause long-term skin inflammation, leading to:

• [[Atopic dermatitis (eczema) → Chronic itchy, inflamed skin.
• [[Contact dermatitis → Localized rash due to skin exposure to allergens like metals, latex, or cosmetics.
• [[Urticaria (hives) → Raised, red, itchy welts caused by histamine release.

Severe skin allergies can impact quality of life, leading to sleep disturbances and secondary infections.

4. Food Allergy Complications

Unmanaged food allergies can lead to:

• [[Malnutrition → Due to strict dietary restrictions.
• [[Social anxiety and stress → Fear of accidental exposure, especially in children.
• [[Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) → Cross-reactions between pollen allergies and certain fruits or vegetables.

5. Medication and Latex Allergies

Allergic reactions to medications like penicillin or NSAIDs can range from mild rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis.

• [[Latex allergy → Common in healthcare workers and individuals with frequent medical procedures.
• [[Cross-reactivity → Some people allergic to latex may also react to bananas, avocados, and chestnuts.

Future Directions in Allergy Treatment

Allergy research is continuously evolving, with new therapies and diagnostic techniques being developed to improve treatment outcomes and patient quality of life. Scientists and medical professionals are exploring novel approaches to manage and potentially cure allergies.

1. Advancements in Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is one of the most promising fields in allergy treatment. The goal is to modify the immune response to allergens, reducing sensitivity and preventing severe reactions.

A. Sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT)

• Instead of traditional allergy shots, SLIT involves placing allergen extracts under the tongue.
• Used to treat pollen, dust mite, and pet dander allergies.
• Reduces symptoms over time and may prevent the development of asthma.

B. Epicutaneous Immunotherapy (EPIT)

• A novel patch-based therapy that introduces allergens through the skin.
• Under investigation for food allergies, especially peanut allergy.
• Early trials show promise in reducing allergic reactions with minimal side effects.

C. Next-Generation Allergy Shots

• Researchers are working on longer-lasting allergy shots that require fewer doses.
• [[Modified allergen molecules are being tested to reduce side effects and enhance effectiveness.

2. Biologic Therapies for Allergies and Asthma

Biologic medications target specific immune system pathways involved in allergic reactions.

A. Monoclonal Antibodies

• Omalizumab (Xolair) – Targets IgE, used for severe asthma and chronic urticaria.
• Dupilumab (Dupixent) – Blocks IL-4 and IL-13, effective in atopic dermatitis, asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis.
• Tezepelumab – New therapy that inhibits TSLP, a key molecule in allergic inflammation.

B. Cytokine Inhibitors

• New treatments are being developed to block IL-5 and IL-33, which contribute to eosinophilic inflammation in allergic diseases.

3. Gene Therapy and CRISPR Technology

Gene-editing techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being investigated to alter immune system responses to allergens.

• Potential to permanently "switch off" allergic responses at the genetic level.
• Early studies focus on food allergies and hereditary allergic conditions.
• Challenges include safety, ethical concerns, and long-term effects.

4. Microbiome and Probiotic Research

Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in immune regulation.

• Probiotic supplementation is being studied for its ability to reduce food allergies and atopic dermatitis.
• Early childhood exposure to diverse bacteria may help prevent allergies.
• Research on gut-brain-immune interactions is uncovering new therapeutic strategies.

5. Oral Tolerance Induction for Food Allergies

Scientists are exploring ways to desensitize the immune system to food allergens.

• Oral immunotherapy (OIT) – Gradual introduction of small amounts of allergens (e.g., peanuts, eggs, milk) to build tolerance.
• Early peanut introduction in infants reduces the risk of peanut allergy by up to 80%.
• Research is ongoing to refine safe and effective desensitization protocols.

6. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Allergy Diagnosis and Management

AI is being integrated into precision medicine for allergy patients.

• [[AI-powered diagnostic tools analyze allergy test results and predict risk factors.
• [[Machine learning algorithms help personalize treatment plans based on patient history and immune response patterns.
• AI-driven inhalers and wearable devices provide real-time monitoring for asthma and anaphylaxis prevention.

7. Future Prospects for Allergy Treatment

The next decade will likely bring:

• [[Personalized allergy vaccines tailored to individual immune profiles.
• [[Targeted biologic treatments with fewer side effects and longer-lasting effects.
• [[Curative approaches such as gene therapy and immune modulation.

Gallery

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  The Allergy Pathway
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  Tissues Affected In Allergic Inflammation
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  Allergy Degranulation processes 1 - antigen; 2 - IgE antibody; 3 - FcεRI receptor; 4 - preformed mediators (histamine, proteases, chemokines, heparine); 5 - granules; 6 - mast cell; 7 - newly formed mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, PAF)

Glossary

• 5-Oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid - A potent eosinophilic chemotactic factor involved in allergic reactions, playing a role in the pathophysiology of asthma and other allergic diseases.
• ALCAT test - A controversial test that claims to identify food sensitivities associated with inflammation and chronic health conditions, though its clinical validity and utility in allergology are debated.
• Aeroallergen - Any airborne substance, such as pollen, dust mites, or mold spores, that can trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.
• Allergen immunotherapy - A long-term treatment approach for allergic diseases which involves gradually increasing doses of the allergen, aiming to desensitize the immune system and reduce allergic responses.
• Allergen of the Year - An annual designation by the American Contact Dermatitis Society for a specific allergen that has significant clinical relevance in contact dermatitis.
• Allergen - A typically harmless substance that can trigger an immune response leading to an allergic reaction in predisposed individuals, such as pollen, food proteins, or pet dander.
• Allergic conjunctivitis - Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eyes caused by allergic reactions to substances like pollen or pet dander, characterized by itching, redness, and tearing.
• Allergic inflammation - The immune system's response to allergens, leading to symptoms such as swelling, redness, and itchiness in affected tissues.
• Allergic reactions to anesthesia - Adverse responses to anesthetic agents, ranging from mild allergic skin reactions to severe, life-threatening anaphylaxis.
• Allergic response - The body's immune reaction to an allergen, which can manifest as various symptoms including sneezing, itching, hives, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis.
• Allergic rhinitis - A common allergic condition characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, itching, nasal congestion, and runny nose, often triggered by airborne allergens.
• Allergic salute - A habitual gesture, often seen in children with allergic rhinitis, where the hand is used to rub or wipe the nose upwards to relieve itchiness and congestion.
• Allergic transfusion reaction - An adverse reaction to blood transfusion, caused by an immune response to donor blood components, leading to symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including anaphylaxis.
• Allergies in children - The occurrence and management of allergic conditions in pediatric populations, including food allergies, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis.
• Allergist - A medical specialist who diagnoses and treats allergic diseases, employing various methods including allergy testing, allergen avoidance, medication, and immunotherapy.
• Allergy test - Diagnostic procedures used to identify specific allergens responsible for an individual's allergic reactions, including skin prick tests, blood tests, and challenge tests.
• Allergy to cats - An allergic reaction to proteins found in cat skin cells, saliva, and urine, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and asthma in sensitized individuals.
• Alpha-gal syndrome - An allergic reaction to red meat and other products made from mammals, caused by a sugar molecule called alpha-gal, which can lead to symptoms ranging from hives to anaphylaxis.
• American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology - A professional organization dedicated to the advancement of knowledge and practice in the field of allergy, asthma, and immunology.
• Anaphylaxis Campaign - A UK-based charity focused on raising awareness of anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction, and supporting those at risk.
• Anaphylaxis - A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly and affect multiple body systems, requiring immediate medical attention.
• Animal allergy - Allergic reactions to proteins found in the skin, saliva, or urine of animals, causing symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and asthma in sensitized individuals.
• Anti–Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody - Antibodies against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which are associated with certain autoimmune diseases, including Crohn's disease.
• Aquagenic urticaria - A rare form of physical urticaria triggered by contact with water, leading to the development of hives on the skin.
• Ara h1 - A major allergen protein found in peanuts that can cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, often involved in severe food allergy cases including anaphylaxis.
• Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease - A condition characterized by asthma, nasal polyps, and respiratory reactions to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
• Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America - A leading nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the quality of life for people with asthma and allergic diseases through education, advocacy, and research.
• Asthma and Allergy Friendly - A certification program that identifies products and services that are suitable for people with asthma and allergies, helping to reduce exposure to potential allergens.
• Balsam of Peru - A natural resin used in various products that can cause allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals due to its fragrance and chemical components.
• Beef allergy - An adverse immune response to proteins found in beef, which can range from mild allergic reactions to severe cases of alpha-gal syndrome.
• Bernadette Eberlein - A notable researcher and clinician in the field of dermatology and allergology, recognized for her contributions to understanding contact dermatitis and other allergic conditions.
• Bet v I allergen - The primary allergen found in birch pollen, known for causing allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, including respiratory symptoms and oral allergy syndrome.
• Betamethasone/dexchlorpheniramine - A combination medication used to treat allergic conditions by reducing inflammation and suppressing allergic responses.
• Botanical sexism - A concept referring to the preference for planting male plants in urban landscapes, which can increase pollen production and exacerbate allergic reactions in the population.
• Buehler test - A skin sensitization test used in dermatological research to identify potential allergens by repeated application of a substance to the skin of a test subject.
• Can f 1 - A major dog allergen found in canine saliva and dander, responsible for triggering allergic reactions in individuals with dog allergies.
• Cherrybrook Kitchen - A brand known for producing allergen-free baking mixes, catering to individuals with food allergies and intolerances.
• Cladosporium - A common mold found in the environment that can act as an aeroallergen, causing respiratory allergies and symptoms in sensitized individuals.
• Cold sensitivity - A condition where exposure to cold temperatures triggers allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, including cold urticaria and anaphylaxis in severe cases.
• Contact dermatitis - An allergic or irritant skin reaction resulting from direct contact with an allergen or irritant substance, leading to redness, itching, and blistering.
• Corn allergy - An adverse immune response to proteins found in corn and corn products, leading to allergic symptoms in affected individuals.
• Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants - Molecules found in plant and insect proteins that can cause false positive results in allergy tests due to their cross-reactivity with human IgE antibodies.
• Dentin hypersensitivity - A common dental condition characterized by sharp pain in response to stimuli such as cold, heat, or touch, affecting the dentin layer of the teeth.
• Desensitization (medicine) - A process used in allergology and other medical fields to reduce or eliminate allergic reactions by gradually exposing the patient to increasing doses of the allergen.
• Drug allergy - An adverse reaction to a medication that involves the immune system, ranging from mild rashes to severe reactions like anaphylaxis.
• Drug intolerance - A non-immune-mediated adverse reaction to a drug, often characterized by an inability to tolerate the normal dosage of the medication due to side effects.
• Dust mite allergy - An allergic reaction to tiny bugs that commonly live in house dust, causing symptoms such as sneezing, nasal congestion, and itchy eyes in sensitized individuals.
• ECARF Quality Seal - A certification awarded by the European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation to products and services that meet high standards for allergen management, aiming to improve the quality of life for allergy sufferers.
• Egg allergy - An immune response to proteins found in eggs, leading to allergic reactions that can range from mild to severe, including anaphylaxis.
• Elimination diet - A dietary strategy used to identify foods that an individual is allergic or intolerant to by removing potential triggers from the diet and then systematically reintroducing them.
• Eosinophilic myocarditis - A rare form of myocarditis characterized by eosinophilic infiltration of the heart muscle, which can be associated with hypersensitivity reactions, including those to medications.
• European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology - An organization dedicated to promoting research, education, and clinical practice in the field of allergy and clinical immunology across Europe and beyond, aiming to improve patient care and health outcomes related to allergic diseases.
• European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation - A foundation focused on supporting allergy research, public education, and the development of innovative approaches to diagnose, treat, and prevent allergic diseases.
• Exercise-induced anaphylaxis - A rare condition in which physical activity triggers a severe allergic reaction, leading to symptoms such as hives, difficulty breathing, and potentially life-threatening anaphylaxis.
• FITkit - A diagnostic tool used in allergology to measure specific IgE antibodies against multiple allergens simultaneously, aiding in the identification of allergic sensitivities.
• Fish allergy - An adverse immune reaction to proteins found in fish, causing allergic symptoms in affected individuals, ranging from mild reactions to severe anaphylaxis.
• Food allergy - An immune system response to a food protein that the body mistakenly believes is harmful, leading to symptoms such as itching, swelling, gastrointestinal distress, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis.
• Food intolerance - Adverse reactions to food that do not involve the immune system, often due to enzymatic deficiencies or sensitivities to food additives, leading to symptoms like gastrointestinal discomfort.
• Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) - A severe, non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy that typically occurs in infants and young children, causing vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration in response to certain foods.
• Fruit allergy - An allergic reaction to proteins found in certain fruits, often related to pollen food syndrome or oral allergy syndrome, leading to itching or swelling in the mouth and throat.
• GWAS in allergy - Genome-Wide Association Studies conducted to identify genetic factors that contribute to allergic diseases, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms of allergies and potential targets for therapy.
• Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) - A sugar molecule found in mammalian meat that can trigger alpha-gal syndrome, a delayed allergic reaction to red meat and other products derived from mammals.
• Garlic allergy - An immune response to garlic, leading to allergic reactions in some individuals, which can range from mild symptoms like skin irritation to more severe reactions including anaphylaxis.
• Guinea pig maximisation test - An in vivo test used to assess the allergenic potential of chemicals by inducing an allergic response in guinea pigs, historically used in the development and safety assessment of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
• Hay fever in Japan - Refers to the widespread occurrence of allergic rhinitis in Japan, particularly due to the pollen of Japanese cedar trees, which affects a significant portion of the population each spring.
• Heat intolerance - A condition characterized by an inability to withstand hot temperatures, which can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, including allergic and autoimmune diseases.
• Helminthic therapy - The use of parasitic worms in a controlled manner to treat autoimmune diseases and allergies by modulating the immune system, based on the hygiene hypothesis.
• Histamine intolerance - A condition arising from the inability to break down histamine efficiently, leading to symptoms such as headaches, skin irritation, and gastrointestinal distress after consuming histamine-rich foods.
• Histamine liberators - Substances that can trigger the release of histamine from mast cells, potentially exacerbating symptoms in individuals with allergies or histamine intolerance.
• Human maximisation test - A method used in dermatological research to assess the potential of substances to cause skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis in humans.
• Hydrodynamic theory (dentistry) - A theory explaining the mechanism of dentin hypersensitivity, suggesting that movement of fluid within the dentinal tubules triggers nerve responses causing pain.
• Hygiene hypothesis - A theory that suggests a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms, and parasites increases susceptibility to allergic diseases by suppressing the natural development of the immune system.
• Hypersensitivity - An exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to substances that are normally harmless, including allergic reactions and other types of immune responses.
• Hypoallergenic dog breed - Dog breeds that are claimed to be more compatible with allergic individuals by producing fewer allergens, though no dog breed is completely allergen-free.
• Hypoallergenic - Describes products or substances that are unlikely to cause an allergic reaction, often used in the context of cosmetics, textiles, and pet breeds.
• Idiosyncrasy - An unusual or abnormal reaction to substances or drugs that is not due to an allergy, often genetically determined and manifesting as an atypical pharmacological response.
• Insect sting allergy - An allergic reaction to the venom of stinging insects such as bees, wasps, and hornets, which can range from mild local reactions to severe systemic responses, including anaphylaxis.
• La Jolla Institute for Immunology - A leading research institute focused on the study of the immune system, including allergies and asthma, aiming to develop innovative treatments and cures for immune system disorders.
• Laboratory animal allergy - An allergic response experienced by researchers and technicians who work with laboratory animals, triggered by allergens such as dander, urine, or saliva from the animals.
• Latex allergy - An allergic reaction to natural rubber latex, found in many medical and consumer products, leading to symptoms ranging from skin irritation to anaphylaxis.
• List of allergens - A compilation of substances known to cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, including food proteins, pollen, dust mites, molds, animal dander, and chemical irritants.
• Local lymph node assay - An in vivo test used to evaluate the allergenic potential of chemicals based on their ability to stimulate lymph node cell proliferation in the exposed animal.
• MELISA - An acronym for Memory Lymphocyte Immunostimulation Assay, a blood test used to detect hypersensitivity to various substances, including metals and chemicals.
• Major urinary proteins - A group of proteins found in the urine of mice and other rodents, which can act as allergens and contribute to laboratory animal allergies.
• Maple bark disease - A respiratory illness caused by inhaling the spores of fungi growing on maple bark, leading to symptoms such as cough, fever, and malaise in exposed individuals.
• Mariana Castells - A prominent figure in the field of allergology and immunology, recognized for her contributions to understanding and treating mast cell disorders and anaphylaxis.
• Meat allergy - An allergic reaction to certain proteins found in meat, which can include alpha-gal syndrome, a delayed reaction to mammalian meat and products.
• Metal allergy - An allergic response to metal ions, such as nickel, chromium, and cobalt, commonly manifesting as allergic contact dermatitis upon skin contact with metal-containing objects.
• Michael Chiarello - May refer to a public figure not directly related to allergology. If referencing contributions to allergology or related fields, specificity is needed regarding the context and relevance.
• Milk allergy - An immune-mediated adverse reaction to one or more proteins found in cow's milk, which can range from mild symptoms to life-threatening anaphylaxis in allergic individuals.
• Mosquito bite allergy - An allergic reaction to the saliva of mosquitoes, resulting in exaggerated swelling, redness, and itching at the site of the bite.
• Mouse ear swelling test - An experimental model used in research to evaluate the allergic and inflammatory responses of the skin to various substances in mice.
• Multiple chemical sensitivity - A condition characterized by adverse reactions to low levels of chemicals in the environment, often with symptoms that overlap with allergies, though the mechanism is not well understood.
• N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide - A chemical compound used in organic synthesis that can cause allergic reactions and sensitization in exposed individuals, emphasizing the importance of safety in chemical handling.
• Nasal provocation test - A diagnostic procedure used to determine the nasal airway's response to specific allergens, useful in diagnosing allergic rhinitis and identifying causative allergens.
• Ogren Plant Allergy Scale - A system developed to rate plants based on their potential to produce allergenic pollen, helping individuals with pollen allergies to choose less allergenic plants for landscaping.
• Oral allergy syndrome - A type of food allergy that results in immediate allergic reactions in the mouth and throat upon eating certain fresh fruits, vegetables, and nuts, often linked to pollen allergies.
• Oral food challenge - The gold standard diagnostic test for food allergies, involving the supervised consumption of the suspected allergenic food in gradually increasing amounts to observe for allergic reactions.
• Oral mite anaphylaxis - A rare allergic reaction triggered by the ingestion of mites present in contaminated food, leading to symptoms of anaphylaxis.
• Orthostatic intolerance - A condition characterized by the inability to tolerate changes in body position, such as standing from a seated or lying position, without developing symptoms; while not directly related to allergies, it highlights the complexity of differential diagnoses in symptomatic individuals.
• Para tertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin - A chemical used in adhesives and footwear, among other products, which can cause allergic contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
• Peanut allergy - An immune-mediated reaction to peanut proteins, one of the most common and potentially severe food allergies, which can lead to anaphylaxis in highly sensitive individuals.
• Perfume intolerance - A condition where individuals experience adverse reactions to fragrances, which can include respiratory symptoms, skin irritation, or headaches, not always mediated by an allergic mechanism.
• Platinosis - A form of occupational lung disease and hypersensitivity to platinum salts, leading to symptoms such as asthma, dermatitis, and respiratory irritation in affected workers.
• Pollen - Tiny, powdery grains needed to fertilize many kinds of plants, and a common aeroallergen that can trigger allergic rhinitis, commonly known as hay fever, and other allergic reactions.
• Polyethylene glycol - A polymer used in many pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial applications, which has been implicated in rare cases of allergic reactions, highlighting the importance of allergy awareness in product safety.
• Pool chlorine hypothesis - A hypothesis suggesting that exposure to chlorinated swimming pools may increase the risk of developing respiratory allergies and asthma, based on the irritant properties of chlorine and its by-products.
• Pork allergy - An allergic reaction to proteins found in pork, which can be associated with other conditions such as cat-pork syndrome, where individuals allergic to cat albumin also react to pork.
• Pork–cat syndrome - A rare allergic condition where individuals sensitized to cat albumin also react to pork, due to cross-reactivity between the albumin found in both cats and pigs.
• Poultry allergy - An allergic response to chicken or other poultry meats, less common than other meat allergies but can cause similar symptoms including hives, gastrointestinal distress, and anaphylaxis.
• Prausnitz–Küstner test - An historic test for detecting specific allergens, where serum from an allergic individual is injected into a non-allergic individual, followed by exposure to the allergen. It is no longer commonly used due to safety concerns.
• Pseudoallergy - Reactions that resemble allergies but occur without the immune system's involvement, often triggered by direct activation of mast cells or other mechanisms, such as intolerances to additives in foods and drugs.
• Ragweed - A common cause of seasonal allergic rhinitis, with its pollen being a major aeroallergen in many regions, especially in late summer and early fall.
• Rhinitis - Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes, which can be allergic or non-allergic in origin, causing symptoms such as sneezing, itching, congestion, and runny nose.
• Rice allergy - An immune response to proteins found in rice, causing allergic reactions in some individuals, including gastrointestinal symptoms, skin rashes, and respiratory distress.
• SEICAP - Sociedad Española de Inmunología Clínica, Alergología y Asma Pediátrica, a Spanish society focused on clinical immunology, allergology, and pediatric asthma, promoting research and education in these areas.
• Salicylate sensitivity - A condition in which individuals react adversely to salicylates, compounds found in various foods, medications, and personal care products, leading to symptoms similar to allergic reactions.
• Sesame allergy - An adverse immune reaction to sesame seeds and products containing sesame, which can cause serious allergic reactions including anaphylaxis in sensitized individuals.
• Shellfish allergy - One of the most common food allergies, characterized by an allergic response to proteins found in shellfish, including shrimp, crab, and lobster, potentially leading to severe reactions.
• Skeeter syndrome - An allergic reaction to mosquito bites, manifesting as excessive swelling, redness, and sometimes fever or infection, more severe than the typical reaction to mosquito bites.
• Skin allergy test - Diagnostic tests, such as the skin prick test or patch test, used to identify substances to which an individual is allergic by observing the skin's reaction to controlled exposure to allergens.
• Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis - Historically used term referring to substances released during an allergic reaction that contribute to the symptoms of anaphylaxis, now understood to include leukotrienes and other mediators.
• Soy allergy - An adverse immune response to proteins found in soybeans, one of the common food allergies in children, which can cause a range of symptoms from mild to severe, including anaphylaxis.
• Stallergenes Greer - A global biopharmaceutical company specializing in the development of allergy immunotherapy products, contributing to advancements in the treatment of allergic diseases.
• Stallergenes Greer - A global healthcare company specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies through allergen immunotherapy products and services.
• Sucrose intolerance - A condition in which the body is unable to properly digest sucrose, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms. It differs from a true allergy, as it involves digestive enzyme deficiencies rather than an immune response.
• Sucrose intolerance - A condition where the body is unable to properly digest sucrose, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming sucrose-containing foods, distinct from an immune-mediated food allergy.
• Sweat allergy - A rare condition where individuals have allergic reactions to components within their own sweat or when sweat interacts with bacteria on the skin, leading to symptoms like itching and hives, particularly during physical activity or heat exposure.
• Torsten Zuberbier - A prominent figure in the field of allergology, known for his extensive research and contributions to understanding the mechanisms and treatment of allergic diseases.
• Toxicodendron orientale - A plant species, similar to poison ivy and poison oak, that contains urushiol, an oil that can cause allergic contact dermatitis upon skin contact with susceptible individuals.
• Toxicodendron radicans - Commonly known as poison ivy, a plant that causes allergic contact dermatitis through exposure to urushiol, leading to itching, blistering, and rash in sensitive individuals.
• Tree nut allergy - An allergic reaction to proteins found in tree nuts, such as almonds, walnuts, and cashews, which can result in symptoms ranging from mild to life-threatening anaphylaxis in sensitized individuals.
• Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis - An allergic reaction caused by contact with urushiol, an oily organic allergen found in plants of the Toxicodendron genus, including poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac.
• Wheat allergy - An immune response to proteins found in wheat, leading to allergic reactions that can affect the skin, respiratory system, or gastrointestinal tract in sensitized individuals.
• Wind turbine syndrome - A proposed condition attributed to living near wind turbines, characterized by a range of non-specific symptoms including dizziness, nausea, and sleep disturbance.
• World Allergy Organization - An international umbrella organization whose members consist of regional and national allergology and clinical immunology societies, dedicated to advancing excellence in clinical care, research, education, and training in the field of allergy and clinical immunology worldwide.

See also

• Atopy
• Anaphylaxis
• Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS).
• Food allergy
• Hypoallergenic
• Hay fever
• Soy allergy
• Systemic reaction

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