Trench foot
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| Trench foot | |
|---|---|
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| Synonyms | Immersion foot |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Tingling, itching, pain, swelling, cold and blotchy skin |
| Complications | Gangrene, infection |
| Onset | Hours to days after exposure |
| Duration | Days to weeks |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Prolonged exposure to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions |
| Risks | Military personnel, homeless individuals, outdoor workers |
| Diagnosis | N/A |
| Differential diagnosis | N/A |
| Prevention | Keeping feet dry, changing socks regularly, proper footwear |
| Treatment | Warming the feet, keeping them dry, antibiotics for infection |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Good with treatment, but can lead to complications if untreated |
| Frequency | Common in World War I and World War II |
| Deaths | N/A |
Trench Foot is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions. It is one of many immersion foot syndromes, characterized by a variety of pathologies.[1] The condition was first reported in 1914 during World War I, when soldiers spent a lot of time in cold, wet trenches without changing socks or boots.
Causes and Symptoms
Trench foot, also known as immersion foot syndrome, is caused by prolonged exposure to wet and cold conditions. This can constrict blood vessels, leading to tissue and nerve damage in the feet.[2] Symptoms of trench foot include:
- Numbness
- Tingling or itching
- Pain
- Swelling
- Cold and blotchy skin
- Skin that turns red, then blue, then black and dies
- Foul odor due to tissue decay
In severe cases, untreated trench foot can result in gangrene, which may necessitate amputation.[3]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of trench foot is typically based on the patient's history and physical examination. In some cases, an x-ray or other imaging may be needed to assess the extent of the damage.[4]
Treatment
The first step in treating trench foot is to clean and dry the feet. Warm, but not hot, water should be used. Pain relief may be necessary. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat infection.[5]
Prevention
Preventing trench foot involves keeping the feet dry, clean, and warm. This can be achieved by:
- Changing socks regularly
- Using foot powder
- Wearing waterproof boots in wet conditions
- Elevating the feet when resting
- Regularly allowing feet to air out[6]
Complications
If left untreated, trench foot can lead to serious complications such as tissue and nerve damage, gangrene, and even amputation. Additionally, secondary bacterial or fungal infections can occur.[7]
Historical Significance
The term 'trench foot' originated during World War I, when soldiers standing for long periods in the waterlogged trenches developed this condition. It was also a problem in World War II, and more recently has been observed in homeless populations and participants in extreme outdoor activities.[8]
See Also
References
- ↑ , Trench foot: the medical response in the first World War 1914–18, Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 2014, Vol. 25(Issue: 4), pp. 385–394, DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2014.06.017, PMID: 25498259,
- ↑ , Medical response to terrorism: preparedness and clinical practice, Philadelphia, PA:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005, ISBN 9780781729904, Pages: 181–184,
- ↑ , The foot in soldiers in World War I, Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 2001, Vol. 91(Issue: 3), pp. 128–132, DOI: 10.7547/87507315-91-3-128, PMID: 11280019,
- ↑ , Textbook of military medicine: medical consequences of nuclear warfare, Washington, D.C.:Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America, 1989, ISBN 9780160022049, Pages: 181–184,
- ↑ , Essentials of emergency medicine, Sudbury, MA:Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011, ISBN 9780763773941, Pages: 493–495,
- ↑ , Survival in Cold Water: The Physiology and Treatment of Immersion Hypothermia and of Drowning, British Medical Journal, 1955, Vol. 1(Issue: 4877), pp. 1435–1438, DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4877.1435, PMID: 14375035,
- ↑ , Trench foot: the medical response in the first World War 1914–18, Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 2014, Vol. 25(Issue: 4), pp. 385–394, DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2014.06.017, PMID: 25498259,
- ↑ , Load carriage in military operations: a review of historical, physiological, biomechanical, and medical aspects, Washington, D.C.:Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1997, ISBN 9780160613055, Pages: 181–184,
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