Hypothermia

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Hypothermia
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Shivering, confusion, slurred speech, weak pulse, slow breathing
Complications	Frostbite, gangrene, paradoxical undressing, death
Onset	Gradual or sudden
Duration	Variable
Types	N/A
Causes	Cold exposure, immersion in cold water, inadequate clothing
Risks	Elderly, young children, homeless, intoxicated individuals
Diagnosis	Based on body temperature below 35.0 °C (95.0 °F)
Differential diagnosis	Hypoglycemia, stroke, sepsis, intoxication
Prevention	Appropriate clothing, shelter, avoidance of alcohol
Treatment	Rewarming, warm intravenous fluids, heated humidified oxygen
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Good with prompt treatment
Frequency	Common in cold climates
Deaths	N/A

Hypothermia

Hypothermia training at Marine Mountain Warfare Center, California, USA

Hypothermia ECG

Hypothermia

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a medical condition in which the body's core temperature drops below the normal range, usually as a result of prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, wind, or water. The human body needs to maintain a core temperature of approximately 98.6°F (37°C) for proper functioning. Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, leading to a dangerously low body temperature.

Causes of Hypothermia

Some common causes of hypothermia include:

• Prolonged exposure to cold weather without adequate clothing or protection
• Submersion in cold water, such as in the case of a boating accident or falling through ice
• Wearing wet clothing in cold or windy conditions
• Inadequate heating in the home, especially for the elderly or infants

Individuals with a higher risk of hypothermia include the elderly, infants, people with certain medical conditions (such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, or cardiovascular disease), and those under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

Symptoms

Hypothermia can be classified into three stages based on the severity of the condition: mild, moderate, and severe.

Mild hypothermia

• Shivering
• Cold and pale skin
• Fast breathing
• Feeling tired or lethargic
• Impaired coordination
• Mild confusion

Moderate hypothermia

• Intense shivering or shivering stops
• Slurred speech
• Confusion and disorientation
• Loss of coordination and muscle stiffness
• Slow, shallow breathing
• Weak pulse

Severe hypothermia

• Unconsciousness
• Absence of shivering
• Shallow or absent breathing
• Weak, irregular, or absent pulse
• Dilated pupils
• Stiff, cold skin

Treatment

If you suspect someone is suffering from hypothermia, it is crucial to take immediate action:

• Call for emergency medical help.
• Move the person to a warmer environment if possible.
• Remove any wet clothing and replace it with warm, dry clothing or blankets.
• Warm the person's core first by covering the chest, neck, head, and groin area with blankets or using your own body heat.
• If the person is conscious and able to swallow, offer warm, non-alcoholic beverages to help raise their body temperature.
• Do not use direct heat sources, such as heating pads or hot water, as they may cause burns or rapid temperature fluctuations.

In a medical setting, healthcare professionals may use additional techniques to warm the patient, such as warmed intravenous fluids, heated blankets, or even warm, humidified oxygen.

Prevention

To prevent hypothermia, take the following precautions when exposed to cold temperatures:

• Dress in layers to trap body heat, and wear a hat, gloves, and warm, waterproof footwear.
• Keep clothing dry and change wet clothes as soon as possible.
• Avoid consuming alcohol, as it can impair the body's ability to regulate temperature.
• Stay active to maintain body heat, but avoid excessive sweating.
• Take frequent breaks in warm, sheltered areas during cold weather activities.

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