Breast cancer: Difference between revisions

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{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{Short description|A common form of cancer originating in breast tissue}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Breast cancer
| image          = MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg
| caption        = Mammogram being performed to detect breast cancer
| synonyms        = Breast carcinoma
| field          = [[Oncology]]
| symptoms        = [[Breast lump]], [[breast pain]], [[nipple discharge]], changes in [[skin]]
| complications  = [[Metastasis]], [[lymphedema]], [[recurrence]]
| onset          = Variable; more common after age 40
| causes          = Multifactorial: [[genetics]], [[hormonal]], [[environmental factors]]
| risks          = Female sex, age, [[BRCA mutations]], family history, [[hormone therapy]], [[obesity]], alcohol
| diagnosis      = [[Mammography]], [[ultrasound]], [[biopsy]], [[MRI]]
| treatment      = [[Surgery]], [[radiation therapy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[targeted therapy]], [[hormonal therapy]]
| prognosis      = Generally good if detected early
| frequency      = 1 in 8 women (lifetime risk)
}}
'''Breast cancer''' is a malignant [[tumor]] that originates in the cells of the [[breast]] tissue. It is the most common [[cancer]] among [[women]] worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women after [[lung cancer]]. Though rare, it can also affect [[men]]. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment are crucial for improving survival outcomes.


<!--T:2-->
[[File:Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg|thumb|left|200px|Diagram of early signs of breast cancer]]
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[[File:Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mammogram image showing tumor]]
!<big>'''Breast Cancer'''</big>
|-
|  
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embed_source_url=http://www.youtube.com/v/KyeiZJrWrys
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[http://youtube.com/watch?v=P3wJfzRicR0&rel=1&feature=related Related Videos]
|-
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== Historical Background ==
'''Breast cancer''' is [[cancer]] of [[breast]] tissue. Worldwide, it is the most common form of cancer in females, affecting approximately one out of twelve to thirteen [[woman|women]] who reach age ninety at some stage of their life in the Western world. It is (after [[lung cancer]]) the second most fatal cancer in women. [http://imaginis.com/breasthealth/statistics.asp] Because the breast is composed of identical tissues in males and females, breast cancer can also occur in males, but here the [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] is very low, less than 1 percent.  
Breast cancer has been known for millennia. Descriptions of tumors believed to be breast cancer appear in the [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]] from ancient [[Egypt]], dating to around 1600 BCE. Early treatments were mostly surgical, and until the 19th century, options were limited. The modern surgical era began with [[William Stewart Halsted]]'s radical mastectomy technique in the 1880s. Since then, approaches have evolved to include [[lumpectomy]], [[chemotherapy]], [[radiotherapy]], and [[targeted therapy]].


==History of breast cancer== <!--T:4-->
== Types ==
Breast cancer is one of the oldest known forms of cancer tumors. Our oldest description of cancer (although the term cancer was not used) was discovered in Egypt and dates back to approximately 1600 B.C. The [[Edwin Smith Papyrus]], or writing, describes 8 cases of tumors or ulcers of the breast that were treated by cauterization, with a tool called "the fire drill." The writing says about the disease, "There is no treatment." [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_the_history_of_cancer_72.asp?sitearea=CRI] At least one of the described cases is male. This papyrus is 5 meters long and is kept in the New York Historical Society. Scholars believe that the actual document is a copy of an original document from the 30th century before Christ. In any case, for centuries, physicians described similar cases in their practises, with the same sad conclusion. It wasn't until greater understanding of the circulatory system was added to the body of medical knowledge in the 17th century that doctors made the link to the lymph glands in the armpit. The French surgeon [[Jean Louis Petit]] (1674-1750) and later the Scottish surgeon [[Benjamin Bell]] (1749-1806) were the first to remove the lymph nodes, breast tissue, and breast muscle. Their successful work was carried on by [[William Stewart Halsted]] who started performing [[radical mastectomy|mastectomies]] in 1882. He became known for his [[radical mastectomy|Halsted radical mastectomy]], a surgical procedure that remained popular up to the 1970's and was performed on [[Betty Ford]].
Breast cancer can present in different forms. The main types include:


==Types of breast cancer== <!--T:5-->
* '''[[Ductal carcinoma in situ]] (DCIS)''': Non-invasive; confined to milk ducts.
*[[DCIS]]: Ductal Carcinoma in Situ
* '''[[Lobular carcinoma in situ]] (LCIS)''': Abnormal cells in the lobules; a marker for increased risk.
*[[LCIS]]: Lobal Carcinoma in Situ
* '''[[Invasive ductal carcinoma]]''': Cancer has spread beyond ducts; most common type.
*[[Invasive ductal carcinoma]]
* '''[[Invasive lobular carcinoma]]''': Begins in lobules and invades nearby tissue.
*[[Invasive lobal carcinoma]]
* '''[[Inflammatory breast cancer]]''': Rare and aggressive; presents with redness and swelling.
*[[Inflamatory breast cancer]]
* '''[[Paget's disease of the breast]]''': Affects the nipple; often associated with underlying carcinoma.
*[[Paget's disease]]
* '''[[Triple-negative breast cancer]]''': Lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors; often more aggressive.


==Causes== <!--T:6-->
== Causes and Risk Factors ==
The cause of breast cancer is unknown, but research shows that certain risk factors are associated with the disease.
The exact cause is unknown, but several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer:


==Risk Factors== <!--T:7-->
* [[Female]] gender
A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition. Risk factors for breast cancer include:
* Age over 50
* Family history (especially with [[BRCA1]] or [[BRCA2]] mutations)
* Long-term exposure to estrogen
* Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55)
* Lack of pregnancy or late pregnancy
* Use of [[hormone replacement therapy]]
* [[Obesity]] and [[physical inactivity]]
* Alcohol consumption
* Previous history of breast abnormalities or biopsies
* [[Radiation]] exposure to the chest


<!--T:8-->
== Symptoms ==
*Sex: Female, although men can also get breast cancer
Signs of breast cancer may include:
*Age: 50 or older
*Personal history of breast cancer
*Family members with breast cancer
*Changes in breast tissue, such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, radial scar formation, and *lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
*Changes in certain genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, and others)
*Race: Caucasian
*Increased exposure to estrogen over a lifetime through:  
**Early onset of menstruation
**Late onset of menopause
**No childbearing or late childbearing
**Absence of breastfeeding
**Taking hormone replacement therapy for long periods of time (Prempro for more than four years)
*Tobacco use
*Increased breast density (more lobular and ductal tissue and less fatty tissue)
*Radiation therapy before the age of 30 years old
*Overuse of alcohol


<!--T:9-->
* A lump or mass in the breast or underarm
Note: Studies show that most women with known risk factors do not get breast cancer. And many women who get breast cancer have none of the risk factors listed above, other than the risk that comes with growing older.
* Change in the size or shape of the breast
* [[Nipple]] retraction, discharge (especially bloody)
* Skin changes: dimpling, redness, or texture resembling an [[orange]] peel
* Pain in the breast or nipple area (less common)


==Symptoms== <!--T:10-->
These symptoms can also be caused by benign conditions such as [[fibrocystic breast disease]] or [[mastitis]].
When breast cancer first develops, there may be no symptoms at all. But as the cancer grows, it can cause the following changes:


<!--T:11-->
== Diagnosis ==
A lump or thickening in or near the breast or in the underarm area or in the neck
Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical and imaging techniques:
A change in the size or shape of the breast
Nipple discharge or tenderness, or the nipple pulled back (inverted) into the breast
Ridges or pitting of the breast skin (like the skin of an orange)
A change in the way the skin of the breast, areola, or nipple looks or feels (for example, warm, swollen, red, or scaly)


<!--T:12-->
* '''[[Clinical breast examination]]''' – Manual palpation by a healthcare provider
Note: These symptoms may also be caused by other, less serious health conditions. Anyone experiencing these symptoms should see a doctor.
* '''[[Mammography]]''' – X-ray imaging to detect tumors
* '''[[Ultrasound]]''' – Useful in distinguishing solid from cystic masses
* '''[[MRI]]''' – Used in high-risk women or ambiguous cases
* '''[[Biopsy]]''' – Definitive diagnosis via fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or surgical excision


==Diagnosis== <!--T:13-->
[[File:Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png|thumb|Needle biopsy under guidance]]
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam.


==Tests may include:== <!--T:14-->
== Staging ==
Breast cancer is staged from 0 to IV using the [[TNM staging system]]:


<!--T:15-->
* '''Stage 0''': [[DCIS]] or [[LCIS]]
Clinical Breast Exam–The doctor carefully feels the breast lump and the tissue around it. The doctor examines the size and texture of the lump and determines whether the lump moves easily. The doctor will examine both breasts, since the tissue can be very “lumpy” throughout the breast in some patients.
* '''Stage I–III''': Local or regional spread
* '''Stage IV''': [[Metastatic cancer]]; spread to distant organs such as [[bone]], [[liver]], [[lungs]], or [[brain]]


<!--T:16-->
[[File:Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg|thumb|Stage I]]
Mammography–x-rays of the breast used to see lumps or other changes in breast tissue
[[File:Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg|thumb|Stage IV]]


<!--T:17-->
== Treatment ==
Ultrasonography–the use of high-frequency sound waves to see whether a lump is a fluid-filled cyst (usually not cancer) or a solid mass (which may or may not be cancer)
Treatment plans depend on the type, stage, hormone receptor status, and patient preferences.


<!--T:18-->
=== Surgical Options ===
Biopsy–removal of tumor tissue to be tested for cancer cells. Types of biopsies for breast cancer include:
* '''[[Lumpectomy]]''' – Removal of tumor with margin of normal tissue
* '''[[Mastectomy]]''' – Removal of one or both breasts
* '''[[Sentinel lymph node biopsy]]''' – Identifies first lymph nodes cancer may spread to
* '''[[Axillary lymph node dissection]]''' – Removes lymph nodes for staging and treatment


<!--T:19-->
[[File:Mastectomie_02.jpg|thumb|Post-mastectomy]]
Fine-needle aspiration–removal of fluid and/or cells from a breast lump using a thin needle
[[File:Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg|thumb|Post-reconstruction]]
Needle biopsy–removal of tissue with a needle from an area that looks suspicious on a mammogram but cannot be felt


==Surgical biopsy:== <!--T:20-->
=== Radiation Therapy ===
Incisional biopsy–cutting out a sample of a lump or suspicious area
Usually follows surgery to reduce recurrence:
Excisional biopsy–cutting out all of a lump or suspicious area and an area of healthy tissue around the edges


<!--T:21-->
* External beam radiation
Hormone Status Evaluation—Breast cancer tissue is tested for the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors, which are used to help plan therapy.
* Internal radiation (brachytherapy)


==Treatment== <!--T:22-->
=== Chemotherapy ===
Once breast cancer is found, staging tests are performed to find out if the cancer has spread and, if so, to what extent.
Drugs like [[doxorubicin]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[paclitaxel]] target rapidly dividing cells. Used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery.


<!--T:23-->
=== Hormonal Therapy ===
'''Treatments include:'''
Used for [[estrogen receptor]] (ER)-positive cancers:


<!--T:24-->
* [[Tamoxifen]] – selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
'''Surgery'''
* [[Aromatase inhibitors]] – such as [[letrozole]], [[anastrozole]]
Surgery is the removal of the cancerous tumor and nearby tissues, and possibly nearby lymph nodes. The most common procedures performed today are the lumpectomy (which may be called a tylectomy, segmentectomy, or quadrantectomy) and the modified radical mastectomy.


<!--T:25-->
=== Targeted Therapy ===
'''Lumpectomy'''–removal of the breast cancer and some normal tissue around it. Often, some of the lymph nodes under the arm are removed.
Used in [[HER2-positive]] cancers:


<!--T:26-->
* [[Trastuzumab]] (Herceptin)
Segmentectomy–removal of the cancer and a larger area of normal breast tissue around it.
* [[Pertuzumab]]
* [[T-DM1]]


<!--T:27-->
== Prognosis ==
Simple Mastectomy–removal of the breast, or as much of the breast as possible, without the intentional removal of the lymph nodes.
Prognosis varies with the stage and subtype:


<!--T:28-->
* 5-year survival rate:  
Radical Mastectomy–removal of the breast, both chest muscles, the lymph nodes under the arm, and some additional fat and skin. This procedure is only considered in rare cases if the cancer has spread to the chest muscles, and is rarely performed in the United States at this time.
** Nearly 99% for localized Stage I
** Around 28% for metastatic Stage IV


<!--T:29-->
Other factors influencing outcome include tumor size, lymph node involvement, receptor status, and response to treatment.
Modified Radical Mastectomy–removal of the whole breast, the lymph nodes under the arm and, often, the lining over the chest muscles.


<!--T:30-->
== Prevention ==
Axillary Lymph Node Dissection–removal of the lymph nodes under the arm to help determine whether cancer cells have entered the lymphatic system.
There is no sure way to prevent breast cancer, but steps can reduce risk:


<!--T:31-->
* Maintain healthy weight and active lifestyle
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy–the placement, by the surgeon, of a small amount of blue dye and/or a radioactive tracer in the area where the tumor was located. The dye or tracer is then followed into the armpit and only those lymph nodes picking up the substance are removed. The accuracy rate for this procedure exceeds 95% in experienced hands and reliably identifies those lymph nodes that may contain cancer. Presently, those remaining lymph nodes should be removed if any sentinel nodes contain cancer. This method is usually done in women who do not have lymph nodes that can be felt in the armpit. The potential side effects are far less than seen after a standard lymph node dissection.
* Limit alcohol intake
* Avoid long-term hormone replacement therapy
* Breastfeed if possible
* Regular [[screening mammograms]] beginning at age 40–50
* [[Breast self-examination]] and annual [[clinical breast exams]]
* Genetic counseling and testing for high-risk individuals


==Radiation Therapy== <!--T:32-->
== Breast Cancer in Men ==
Radiation therapy is the use of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Two main types of radiation may be used:
Though rare, men can develop breast cancer. Risk factors include age, [[Klinefelter syndrome]], [[radiation exposure]], [[BRCA2]] mutations, and [[liver disease]]. Symptoms and treatment are similar to those in women.


<!--T:33-->
== Breast Reconstruction ==
External Radiation Therapy–radiation directed at the breast from a source outside the body.
Women who undergo mastectomy may choose [[breast reconstruction surgery]] using:


<!--T:34-->
* [[Breast implants]]
Internal Radiation Therapy–radioactive materials placed into the breast in or near the cancer cells.
* [[Autologous tissue transfer]] (e.g., DIEP flap)
* Combination of both


==Chemotherapy== <!--T:35-->
== Support and Resources ==
Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be given in many forms including pill, injection, and via a catheter. The drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body killing mostly cancer cells, but also some healthy cells.
Living with breast cancer can be physically and emotionally challenging. Support groups, counseling, and survivorship programs are essential components of care.


==Biologic Therapy== <!--T:36-->
== Related Articles ==
Biologic therapy is the use of medications or substances made by the body to increase or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. It is also called biologic response modifier (BRM) therapy.
* [[Mammography]]
* [[Cancer staging]]
* [[Chemotherapy]]
* [[Oncology]]
* [[Breast reconstruction]]
* [[Genetic testing]]
* [[Lymph nodes]]
* [[Triple-negative breast cancer]]
* [[Hormone therapy]]
* [[HER2]]


==Prevention== <!--T:37-->
== External Links ==
Because the cause of breast cancer is unknown, finding it early and treating it is the best way to prevent dying from the disease. And because it does not cause symptoms in the early stages, it is important to have screening tests to find the cancer before symptoms appear.  
* [https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast National Cancer Institute – Breast Cancer]
* [https://www.breastcancer.org BreastCancer.org]
* [https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer.html American Cancer Society – Breast Cancer]


<!--T:38-->
Women age 20 or older should perform a breast self-exam (BSE) every month.
Women between the ages of 20-39 should have a clinical breast exam by a health professional every three years. A breast exam should be performed more regularly if there is a family history or there have been previous breast biopsies.
Women age 40 and older should have a screening mammogram every year. Some advocate that a mammogram should be given sooner for patients with a strong family history or whom have had previous breast biopsies performed.
<!--T:39-->
After age 40, women should have a breast exam by a healthcare professional every year.
{{breast cancer types}}
<!--T:40-->
'''RESOURCES:'''
<!--T:41-->
*[http://www.cancer.org American Cancer Society]
<!--T:42-->
*[http://www.cancercare.org CancerCare]
== External links ==
* {{curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cancer/Breast/}}
{{Breast cancer types}}
{{Breast cancer types}}
{{Authority control}}
{{endocrine system}}
 
[[Category:Breast cancer]]
[[Category:Breast cancer| ]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Hereditary cancers]]
[[Category:Hereditary cancers]]
[[Category:Human female endocrine system]]
[[Category:Human female endocrine system]]
[[Category:RTT]]
[[Category:Malignant neoplasms]]
<gallery>
[[Category:Hormone-related disorders]]
File:Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg|Breast cancer
File:MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg|Breast cancer
File:Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg|Breast cancer
File:Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png|Breast cancer
File:Invasive_Ductal_Carcinoma_40x.jpg|Breast cancer
File:Mamma-CA.jpg|Breast cancer
File:Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg|Breast cancer
File:Diagram_showing_stage_T2_breast_cancer_CRUK_252.svg|Breast cancer
File:Diagram_showing_stage_T3_breast_cancer_CRUK_259.svg|Breast cancer
File:Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg|Breast cancer
File:Mastectomie_02.jpg|Breast cancer
File:Breast_reconstruction_15.jpg|Breast cancer
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Breast_Cancer.png|Breast cancer
File:Early_signs_of_breast_cancer_hariadhi_svg.svg|Early signs of breast cancer
File:MammographyinprocessGraphic.jpg|Mammography in process
File:Mammo_breast_cancer_wArrows.jpg|Mammogram showing breast cancer with arrows
File:Needle_Breast_Biopsy.png|Needle breast biopsy
File:Invasive_Ductal_Carcinoma_40x.jpg|Invasive ductal carcinoma 40x
File:Mamma-CA.jpg|Breast cancer
File:Diagram_showing_stage_T1_breast_cancer_CRUK_244.svg|Stage T1 breast cancer
File:Diagram_showing_stage_T2_breast_cancer_CRUK_252.svg|Stage T2 breast cancer
File:Diagram_showing_stage_T3_breast_cancer_CRUK_259.svg|Stage T3 breast cancer
File:Stage_4_of_Breast_Cancer.jpg|Stage 4 of breast cancer
File:Mastectomie_02.jpg|Mastectomy
</gallery>

Revision as of 15:08, 26 March 2025


Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

A common form of cancer originating in breast tissue


Breast cancer
Synonyms Breast carcinoma
Pronounce N/A
Field Oncology
Symptoms Breast lump, breast pain, nipple discharge, changes in skin
Complications Metastasis, lymphedema, recurrence
Onset Variable; more common after age 40
Duration N/A
Types N/A
Causes Multifactorial: genetics, hormonal, environmental factors
Risks Female sex, age, BRCA mutations, family history, hormone therapy, obesity, alcohol
Diagnosis Mammography, ultrasound, biopsy, MRI
Differential diagnosis N/A
Prevention N/A
Treatment Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy
Medication N/A
Prognosis Generally good if detected early
Frequency 1 in 8 women (lifetime risk)
Deaths N/A


Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the cells of the breast tissue. It is the most common cancer among women worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women after lung cancer. Though rare, it can also affect men. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment are crucial for improving survival outcomes.

Diagram of early signs of breast cancer
Mammogram image showing tumor

Historical Background

Breast cancer has been known for millennia. Descriptions of tumors believed to be breast cancer appear in the Edwin Smith Papyrus from ancient Egypt, dating to around 1600 BCE. Early treatments were mostly surgical, and until the 19th century, options were limited. The modern surgical era began with William Stewart Halsted's radical mastectomy technique in the 1880s. Since then, approaches have evolved to include lumpectomy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy.

Types

Breast cancer can present in different forms. The main types include:

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause is unknown, but several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer:

  • Female gender
  • Age over 50
  • Family history (especially with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations)
  • Long-term exposure to estrogen
  • Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55)
  • Lack of pregnancy or late pregnancy
  • Use of hormone replacement therapy
  • Obesity and physical inactivity
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Previous history of breast abnormalities or biopsies
  • Radiation exposure to the chest

Symptoms

Signs of breast cancer may include:

  • A lump or mass in the breast or underarm
  • Change in the size or shape of the breast
  • Nipple retraction, discharge (especially bloody)
  • Skin changes: dimpling, redness, or texture resembling an orange peel
  • Pain in the breast or nipple area (less common)

These symptoms can also be caused by benign conditions such as fibrocystic breast disease or mastitis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical and imaging techniques:

  • Clinical breast examination – Manual palpation by a healthcare provider
  • Mammography – X-ray imaging to detect tumors
  • Ultrasound – Useful in distinguishing solid from cystic masses
  • MRI – Used in high-risk women or ambiguous cases
  • Biopsy – Definitive diagnosis via fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, or surgical excision
Needle biopsy under guidance

Staging

Breast cancer is staged from 0 to IV using the TNM staging system:

Stage I
Stage IV

Treatment

Treatment plans depend on the type, stage, hormone receptor status, and patient preferences.

Surgical Options

Post-mastectomy
Post-reconstruction

Radiation Therapy

Usually follows surgery to reduce recurrence:

  • External beam radiation
  • Internal radiation (brachytherapy)

Chemotherapy

Drugs like doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel target rapidly dividing cells. Used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) surgery.

Hormonal Therapy

Used for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive cancers:

Targeted Therapy

Used in HER2-positive cancers:

Prognosis

Prognosis varies with the stage and subtype:

  • 5-year survival rate:
    • Nearly 99% for localized Stage I
    • Around 28% for metastatic Stage IV

Other factors influencing outcome include tumor size, lymph node involvement, receptor status, and response to treatment.

Prevention

There is no sure way to prevent breast cancer, but steps can reduce risk:

Breast Cancer in Men

Though rare, men can develop breast cancer. Risk factors include age, Klinefelter syndrome, radiation exposure, BRCA2 mutations, and liver disease. Symptoms and treatment are similar to those in women.

Breast Reconstruction

Women who undergo mastectomy may choose breast reconstruction surgery using:

Support and Resources

Living with breast cancer can be physically and emotionally challenging. Support groups, counseling, and survivorship programs are essential components of care.

Related Articles

External Links


Breast cancer
Types
General
Other



Diseases of the endocrine system (E00–E35, 240–259)
Pancreas/
glucose
metabolism
Hypothalamic/
pituitary axes
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Height
Multiple
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