Kidney disease: Difference between revisions

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{{SI}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| name            = Kidney disease
| image          = [[File:Kidney_–_acute_cortical_necrosis.jpg|250px]]
| caption        = Acute cortical necrosis of the kidney
| field          = [[Nephrology]]
| synonyms        = Renal disease
| symptoms        = [[Edema]], [[fatigue]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[loss of appetite]], [[itching]], [[chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]]
| complications  = [[Hypertension]], [[anemia]], [[bone disease]], [[cardiovascular disease]]
| onset          = Varies depending on the type
| duration        = Chronic or acute
| types          = [[Chronic kidney disease]], [[acute kidney injury]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], [[nephritic syndrome]]
| causes          = [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[hypertension]], [[glomerulonephritis]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[urinary tract obstruction]]
| risks          = [[Diabetes]], [[high blood pressure]], [[family history]], [[age]], [[smoking]], [[obesity]]
| diagnosis      = [[Blood tests]], [[urine tests]], [[imaging studies]], [[kidney biopsy]]
| differential    = [[Urinary tract infection]], [[prostate disease]], [[liver disease]]
| prevention      = [[Blood pressure control]], [[blood sugar control]], [[healthy diet]], [[exercise]], [[smoking cessation]]
| treatment      = [[Dialysis]], [[kidney transplant]], [[medications]], [[dietary changes]]
| medication      = [[ACE inhibitors]], [[ARBs]], [[diuretics]], [[phosphate binders]]
| prognosis      = Varies; can lead to [[end-stage renal disease]]
| frequency      = Affects millions worldwide
| deaths          = Significant cause of morbidity and mortality
}}
Kidney disease represents a significant health concern that affects kidney function. These diseases can be classified into two primary categories: [[acute kidney disease]] and [[chronic kidney disease]].
Kidney disease represents a significant health concern that affects kidney function. These diseases can be classified into two primary categories: [[acute kidney disease]] and [[chronic kidney disease]].
 
[[File:Depiction of types of kidney disease.png|left|thumb|Depiction of types of kidney disease]]
[[File:Depiction of types of kidney disease.png|thumb|Depiction of types of kidney disease]]
== [[Acute kidney disease]] ==
 
== [[Acute kidney disease]] == <!--T:3-->
 
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Acute kidney disease, or acute kidney failure, involves a rapid decline in kidney function, typically manifesting in less than two days. This rapid deterioration affects the kidneys' capacity to eliminate waste and maintain electrolyte balance.
Acute kidney disease, or acute kidney failure, involves a rapid decline in kidney function, typically manifesting in less than two days. This rapid deterioration affects the kidneys' capacity to eliminate waste and maintain electrolyte balance.
 
=== Causes ===
=== Causes === <!--T:4-->
 
Various factors can lead to acute kidney damage, including:
Various factors can lead to acute kidney damage, including:
* [[Acute tubular necrosis]] (ATN) – where the tubule cells of the kidneys are damaged.
* [[Acute tubular necrosis]] (ATN) – where the tubule cells of the kidneys are damaged.
* Autoimmune kidney disorders.
* Autoimmune kidney disorders.
Line 33: Line 48:
* Illicit drug use, e.g., cocaine and heroin.
* Illicit drug use, e.g., cocaine and heroin.
* Certain medications including NSAIDs, specific antibiotics, blood pressure medications, intravenous contrast (dye), certain cancer and HIV drugs.
* Certain medications including NSAIDs, specific antibiotics, blood pressure medications, intravenous contrast (dye), certain cancer and HIV drugs.
=== Symptoms === <!--T:7-->
=== Symptoms ===
 
Symptoms of acute kidney disease might encompass:
Symptoms of acute kidney disease might encompass:
* Bloody stools or [[nosebleeds]].
* Bloody stools or [[nosebleeds]].
* Odorous breath and a metallic taste in the mouth.
* Odorous breath and a metallic taste in the mouth.
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* Fluid retention leading to swelling in legs, ankles, and feet.
* Fluid retention leading to swelling in legs, ankles, and feet.
* Alterations in urination patterns.
* Alterations in urination patterns.
=== Exams and Tests === <!--T:9-->
=== Exams and Tests ===
 
To diagnose acute kidney disease, healthcare professionals will:
To diagnose acute kidney disease, healthcare professionals will:
* Conduct a thorough physical examination.
* Conduct a thorough physical examination.
* Recommend tests like BUN, Serum creatinine, Serum potassium, Creatinine clearance, and Urinalysis.
* Recommend tests like BUN, Serum creatinine, Serum potassium, Creatinine clearance, and Urinalysis.
* Opt for kidney or abdominal ultrasound to identify any urinary tract blockages. Additionally, X-ray, CT scan, or MRI of the abdomen might also be utilized.
* Opt for kidney or abdominal ultrasound to identify any urinary tract blockages. Additionally, X-ray, CT scan, or MRI of the abdomen might also be utilized.
=== Treatment === <!--T:15-->
=== Treatment ===
 
Treatment for acute kidney disease focuses on:
Treatment for acute kidney disease focuses on:
* Determining and addressing the underlying cause.
* Determining and addressing the underlying cause.
* Regulating fluid intake based on urine output.
* Regulating fluid intake based on urine output.
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* Managing blood potassium levels.
* Managing blood potassium levels.
* In severe cases, dialysis might be necessitated.
* In severe cases, dialysis might be necessitated.
== [[Chronic Kidney Disease]] == <!--T:23-->
== [[Chronic Kidney Disease]] ==
 
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) indicates sustained damage to the kidneys over an extended period, impairing their ability to filter blood efficiently. This damage accumulates waste in the body and can lead to additional health complications. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the predominant causes of CKD. Often, CKD progresses unnoticed until it reaches advanced stages.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) indicates sustained damage to the kidneys over an extended period, impairing their ability to filter blood efficiently. This damage accumulates waste in the body and can lead to additional health complications. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the predominant causes of CKD. Often, CKD progresses unnoticed until it reaches advanced stages.
 
=== Symptoms ===
=== Symptoms === <!--T:26-->
 
Early signs of CKD might include:
Early signs of CKD might include:
* Loss of appetite.
* Loss of appetite.
* Fatigue or malaise.
* Fatigue or malaise.
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* Unintentional weight loss.
* Unintentional weight loss.
As CKD progresses, symptoms might intensify:
As CKD progresses, symptoms might intensify:
* Abnormal skin pigmentation.
* Abnormal skin pigmentation.
* Bone pain.
* Bone pain.
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* Issues with sexual function or menstrual irregularities.
* Issues with sexual function or menstrual irregularities.
* Respiratory difficulties.
* Respiratory difficulties.
=== Exams and Tests === <!--T:38-->
=== Exams and Tests ===
 
For diagnosing CKD, healthcare professionals will:
For diagnosing CKD, healthcare professionals will:
* Monitor blood pressure.
* Monitor blood pressure.
* Examine the nervous system for signs of nerve damage.
* Examine the nervous system for signs of nerve damage.
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* Possibly suggest imaging tests like CT, MRI, or Kidney ultrasound.
* Possibly suggest imaging tests like CT, MRI, or Kidney ultrasound.
=== Treatment === <!--T:49-->
=== Treatment === <!--T:49-->
Managing CKD involves:
Managing CKD involves:
* Blood pressure regulation using ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
* Blood pressure regulation using ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
* Implementing lifestyle changes, such as dietary adjustments, exercise, smoking cessation, and managing blood sugar levels.
* Implementing lifestyle changes, such as dietary adjustments, exercise, smoking cessation, and managing blood sugar levels.
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* Recommending a special diet to manage symptoms.
* Recommending a special diet to manage symptoms.
== Things You Can Do == <!--T:58-->
== Things You Can Do == <!--T:58-->
To maintain kidney health:
To maintain kidney health:
* Opt for a low-sodium diet.
* Opt for a low-sodium diet.
* Regularly monitor and control blood pressure.
* Regularly monitor and control blood pressure.
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* Avoid smoking.
* Avoid smoking.
[[Category:Health]] [[Category:Diseases]] [[Category:Kidney Diseases]]
[[Category:Health]] [[Category:Diseases]] [[Category:Kidney Diseases]]
==Topics in [[nephrology]] and [[urology]]== <!--t:61-->
==Topics in [[nephrology]] and [[urology]]== <!--t:61-->
<!--t:62-->
<!--t:62-->
'''A'''
'''A'''
<!--t:63-->
<!--t:63-->
*[[Acidosis]]  
*[[Acidosis]]
*[[African Americans and kidney disease fact sheet]]  
*[[African Americans and kidney disease fact sheet]]
*[[Alport syndrome]]  
*[[Alport syndrome]]
*[[Amyloidosis and kidney disease]]  
*[[Amyloidosis and kidney disease]]
*[[Analgesic nephropathy: painkillers and the kidneys]]  
*[[Analgesic nephropathy: painkillers and the kidneys]]
*[[Anatomy of the kidneys]]  
*[[Anatomy of the kidneys]]
*[[Anatomy of the urinary system]]  
*[[Anatomy of the urinary system]]
*[[Anemia in kidney disease and dialysis]]  
*[[Anemia in kidney disease and dialysis]]
 
<!--t:64-->
<!--t:64-->
'''B'''
'''B'''
*[[Bedwetting]]  
*[[Bedwetting]]
*[[Biopsy of the kidneys]]  
*[[Biopsy of the kidneys]]
*[[Biopsy of the prostate]]  
*[[Biopsy of the prostate]]
*[[Bladder and urinary tract]]  
*[[Bladder and urinary tract]]
*[[Bladder control]]  
*[[Bladder control]]
*[[Bladder control for women]]  
*[[Bladder control for women]]
*[[Blood in urine]]  
*[[Blood in urine]]
*[[Blood pressure]]  
*[[Blood pressure]]
*[[Bone disease of kidney failure]]  
*[[Bone disease of kidney failure]]
*[[BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia]]  
*[[BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
 
<!--t:65-->
<!--t:65-->
'''C'''
'''C'''
*[[Childhood nephrotic syndrome]]  
*[[Childhood nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Children]]  
*[[Children]]
*[[Child's bedwetting]]  
*[[Child's bedwetting]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease and kidney failure (a research fact sheet)]]  
*[[Chronic kidney disease and kidney failure (a research fact sheet)]]
*[[Chronic kidney disease: a family affair]]  
*[[Chronic kidney disease: a family affair]]
*[[Ckd quick reference card]]  
*[[Ckd quick reference card]]
*[[Complications]]  
*[[Complications]]
*[[Cystitis]]  
*[[Cystitis]]
*[[Cystocele: fallen bladder]]  
*[[Cystocele: fallen bladder]]
*[[Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy]]  
*[[Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy]]
*[[Cysts]]  
*[[Cysts]]
 
'''D'''
'''D'''
*[[Daily bladder diary]]  
*[[Daily bladder diary]]
*[[Diabetes and kidney disease]]  
*[[Diabetes and kidney disease]]
*[[Diabetes insipidus]]  
*[[Diabetes insipidus]]
*[[Diagnostic tests]]  
*[[Diagnostic tests]]
*[[Dialysis]]  
*[[Dialysis]]
*[[Diet for hemodialysis]]  
*[[Diet for hemodialysis]]
*[[Drug information]]  
*[[Drug information]]
 
'''E'''
'''E'''
*[[Eat right to feel right on hemodialysis]]  
*[[Eat right to feel right on hemodialysis]]
*[[End-stage renal disease]]  
*[[End-stage renal disease]]
*[[Enuresis]]  
*[[Enuresis]]
*[[Erectile dysfunction]]  
*[[Erectile dysfunction]]
*[[Exercising your pelvic muscles]]  
*[[Exercising your pelvic muscles]]
 
'''F'''
'''F'''
*[[Fallen bladder]]  
*[[Fallen bladder]]
*[[Financial help for treatment of kidney failure]]  
*[[Financial help for treatment of kidney failure]]
*[[Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis]]  
*[[Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis]]
 
'''G'''
'''G'''
*[[Glomerular diseases]]  
*[[Glomerular diseases]]
*[[Glomerular filtration rate]]  
*[[Glomerular filtration rate]]
*[[Glomerulonephritis]]  
*[[Glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Glomerulosclerosis]]  
*[[Glomerulosclerosis]]
*[[Goodpasture's syndrome]]  
*[[Goodpasture's syndrome]]
*[[Growth failure in children with kidney disease]]  
*[[Growth failure in children with kidney disease]]
 
'''H'''
'''H'''
*[[Help your family prevent kidney failure brochure]]  
*[[Help your family prevent kidney failure brochure]]
*[[Help your family prevent kidney failure button]]  
*[[Help your family prevent kidney failure button]]
*[[Help your family prevent kidney failure poster]]  
*[[Help your family prevent kidney failure poster]]
*[[Hematuria: blood in the urine]]  
*[[Hematuria: blood in the urine]]
*[[Hemodialysis]]  
*[[Hemodialysis]]
*[[Hemodialysis dose and adequacy]]  
*[[Hemodialysis dose and adequacy]]
*[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]  
*[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
*[[High blood pressure and kidney disease]]  
*[[High blood pressure and kidney disease]]
*[[History of advances in treating kidney disease]]  
*[[History of advances in treating kidney disease]]
*[[Hypertension]]  
*[[Hypertension]]
 
'''I'''
'''I'''
*[[Iga nephropathy]]  
*[[Iga nephropathy]]
*[[Imaging of the urinary tract]]  
*[[Imaging of the urinary tract]]
*[[Impotence]]  
*[[Impotence]]
*[[Incontinence (all topics)]]  
*[[Incontinence (all topics)]]
*[[Incontinence in children]]  
*[[Incontinence in children]]
*[[Incontinence in men]]  
*[[Incontinence in men]]
*[[Incontinence in women]]  
*[[Incontinence in women]]
*[[Infection (bladder)]]  
*[[Infection (bladder)]]
*[[Infection (kidney)]]  
*[[Infection (kidney)]]
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]  
*[[Interstitial cystitis]]
 
'''K'''
'''K'''
*[[Kegel exercises]]  
*[[Kegel exercises]]
*[[Kidney biopsy]]  
*[[Kidney biopsy]]
*[[Kidney connection guide]]  
*[[Kidney connection guide]]
*[[Kidney cysts]]  
*[[Kidney cysts]]
*[[Kidney disease and kidney failure]]  
*[[Kidney disease and kidney failure]]
*[[Kidney disease in children]]  
*[[Kidney disease in children]]
*[[Kidney disease of diabetes]]  
*[[Kidney disease of diabetes]]
*[[Kidney diseases dictionary]]  
*[[Kidney diseases dictionary]]
*[[Kidney failure]]  
*[[Kidney failure]]
*[[Kidney failure glossary]]  
*[[Kidney failure glossary]]
*[[Kidney failure series]]  
*[[Kidney failure series]]
*[[Kidney failure: choosing a treatment that's right for you]]  
*[[Kidney failure: choosing a treatment that's right for you]]
*[[Kidney failure: what to expect]]  
*[[Kidney failure: what to expect]]
*[[Kidney function-normal]]  
*[[Kidney function-normal]]
*[[Kidney stones]]  
*[[Kidney stones]]
*[[Kidney stones in adults]]  
*[[Kidney stones in adults]]
*[[Kidney transplantation]]  
*[[Kidney transplantation]]
 
'''L'''
'''L'''
*[[Learn the risks brochure]]  
*[[Learn the risks brochure]]
*[[Lupus nephritis]]  
*[[Lupus nephritis]]
 
'''M'''
'''M'''
*[[Medical tests for prostate problems]]  
*[[Medical tests for prostate problems]]
*[[Medical tests of kidney function]]  
*[[Medical tests of kidney function]]
*[[Membranous nephropathy]]  
*[[Membranous nephropathy]]
*[[Menopause and bladder control]]  
*[[Menopause and bladder control]]
*[[Minimal change disease]]  
*[[Minimal change disease]]
 
'''N'''
'''N'''
*[[Nephrotic syndrome in adults]]  
*[[Nephrotic syndrome in adults]]
*[[Nephrotic syndrome in children]]  
*[[Nephrotic syndrome in children]]
*[[Nerve disease and bladder control]]  
*[[Nerve disease and bladder control]]
*[[Neurogenic bladder]]  
*[[Neurogenic bladder]]
*[[Nocturnal enuresis]]  
*[[Nocturnal enuresis]]
*[[Nutrition and kidney disease]]  
*[[Nutrition and kidney disease]]
*[[Nutrition for early chronic kidney disease in adults]]  
*[[Nutrition for early chronic kidney disease in adults]]
*[[Nutrition for later chronic kidney disease in adults]]  
*[[Nutrition for later chronic kidney disease in adults]]
*[[Nutrition in children with chronic kidney disease]]  
*[[Nutrition in children with chronic kidney disease]]
 
'''O'''
'''O'''
*[[Overactive bladder]]  
*[[Overactive bladder]]
*[[Overview of kidney diseases in children]]  
*[[Overview of kidney diseases in children]]
 
'''P'''
'''P'''
*[[Painkillers and the kidneys]]  
*[[Painkillers and the kidneys]]
*[[Pelvic floor exercises]]  
*[[Pelvic floor exercises]]
*[[Peritoneal dialysis]]  
*[[Peritoneal dialysis]]
*[[Peritoneal dialysis dose and adequacy]]  
*[[Peritoneal dialysis dose and adequacy]]
*[[Pessary]]  
*[[Pessary]]
*[[Peyronie's disease]]  
*[[Peyronie's disease]]
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]  
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
*[[Pregnancy, childbirth, and bladder control]]  
*[[Pregnancy, childbirth, and bladder control]]
*[[Prevent diabetes problems: keep your kidneys healthy]]  
*[[Prevent diabetes problems: keep your kidneys healthy]]
*[[Prostate]]  
*[[Prostate]]
*[[Prostate enlargement: benign prostatic hyperplasia]]  
*[[Prostate enlargement: benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
*[[Prostatitis: disorders of the prostate]]  
*[[Prostatitis: disorders of the prostate]]
*[[Proteinuria]]  
*[[Proteinuria]]
*[[Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) in adults]]  
*[[Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) in adults]]
 
'''R'''
'''R'''
*[[Rationale for use and reporting of estimated gfr fact sheet]]  
*[[Rationale for use and reporting of estimated gfr fact sheet]]
*[[Renal osteodystrophy]]  
*[[Renal osteodystrophy]]
*[[Renal tubular acidosis]]  
*[[Renal tubular acidosis]]
*[[Research fact sheet]]  
*[[Research fact sheet]]
*[[Research updates in kidney and urologic health]]  
*[[Research updates in kidney and urologic health]]
 
'''S'''
'''S'''
*[[School and family problems of children with kidney failure]]  
*[[School and family problems of children with kidney failure]]
*[[Sexual and urologic problems of diabetes]]  
*[[Sexual and urologic problems of diabetes]]
*[[Simple kidney cysts]]  
*[[Simple kidney cysts]]
*[[Solitary kidney]]  
*[[Solitary kidney]]
*[[Statistics]]  
*[[Statistics]]
*[[Stress incontinence]]  
*[[Stress incontinence]]
 
'''T'''
'''T'''
*[[Talking to your health care team about bladder control]]  
*[[Talking to your health care team about bladder control]]
*[[Tests]]  
*[[Tests]]
*[[Tests for kidney function]]  
*[[Tests for kidney function]]
*[[Tests for prostate problems]]  
*[[Tests for prostate problems]]
*[[Tests for urinary problems]]  
*[[Tests for urinary problems]]
*[[Transplantation]]  
*[[Transplantation]]
*[[Treatment]]  
*[[Treatment]]
*[[Treatment methods for kidney failure in children]]  
*[[Treatment methods for kidney failure in children]]
*[[Treatments for urinary incontinence in women]]  
*[[Treatments for urinary incontinence in women]]
 
'''U'''
'''U'''
*[[Understanding gfr fact sheet]]  
*[[Understanding gfr fact sheet]]
*[[Ureteroscopy]]  
*[[Ureteroscopy]]
*[[Urge incontinence]]  
*[[Urge incontinence]]
*[[Urinary incontinence in children]]  
*[[Urinary incontinence in children]]
*[[Urinary incontinence in men]]  
*[[Urinary incontinence in men]]
*[[Urinary incontinence in women]]  
*[[Urinary incontinence in women]]
*[[Urinary tract infections]]  
*[[Urinary tract infections]]
*[[Urinary tract infections in adults]]  
*[[Urinary tract infections in adults]]
*[[Urinary tract infections in children]]  
*[[Urinary tract infections in children]]
*[[Urine blockage in newborns]]  
*[[Urine blockage in newborns]]
*[[Urodynamic testing]]  
*[[Urodynamic testing]]
*[[Urologic diseases dictionary]]  
*[[Urologic diseases dictionary]]
*[[Urostomy and continent urinary diversion]]  
*[[Urostomy and continent urinary diversion]]
 
'''V'''
'''V'''
*[[Vascular access for hemodialysis]]  
*[[Vascular access for hemodialysis]]
*[[Vesicoureteral reflux]]  
*[[Vesicoureteral reflux]]
 
'''W'''
'''W'''
*[[What I need to know about erection problems]]  
*[[What I need to know about erection problems]]
*[[What I need to know about kidney stones]]  
*[[What I need to know about kidney stones]]
*[[What I need to know about my child's bedwetting]]  
*[[What I need to know about my child's bedwetting]]
*[[What I need to know about prostate problems]]  
*[[What I need to know about prostate problems]]
*[[What I need to know about urinary tract infections]]  
*[[What I need to know about urinary tract infections]]
*[[What your female patients want to know about bladder control]]  
*[[What your female patients want to know about bladder control]]
 
'''Y'''
'''Y'''
*[[Your body's design for bladder control]]  
*[[Your body's design for bladder control]]
*[[Your kidneys and how they work]]  
*[[Your kidneys and how they work]]
*[[Your medicines and bladder control]]  
*[[Your medicines and bladder control]]
*[[Your urinary system and how it works]]
*[[Your urinary system and how it works]]
{{stub}}
{{stub}}

Latest revision as of 01:30, 8 April 2025

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

Kidney disease
Synonyms Renal disease
Pronounce N/A
Specialty N/A
Symptoms Edema, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, itching, chest pain, shortness of breath
Complications Hypertension, anemia, bone disease, cardiovascular disease
Onset Varies depending on the type
Duration Chronic or acute
Types Chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome
Causes Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction
Risks Diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, age, smoking, obesity
Diagnosis Blood tests, urine tests, imaging studies, kidney biopsy
Differential diagnosis Urinary tract infection, prostate disease, liver disease
Prevention Blood pressure control, blood sugar control, healthy diet, exercise, smoking cessation
Treatment Dialysis, kidney transplant, medications, dietary changes
Medication ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, phosphate binders
Prognosis Varies; can lead to end-stage renal disease
Frequency Affects millions worldwide
Deaths Significant cause of morbidity and mortality


Kidney disease represents a significant health concern that affects kidney function. These diseases can be classified into two primary categories: acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease.

Depiction of types of kidney disease

Acute kidney disease[edit]

Acute kidney disease, or acute kidney failure, involves a rapid decline in kidney function, typically manifesting in less than two days. This rapid deterioration affects the kidneys' capacity to eliminate waste and maintain electrolyte balance.

Causes[edit]

Various factors can lead to acute kidney damage, including:

  • Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) – where the tubule cells of the kidneys are damaged.
  • Autoimmune kidney disorders.
  • Blood clot due to cholesterol (cholesterol emboli).
  • Reduced blood flow stemming from extremely low blood pressure resulting from burns, dehydration, hemorrhage, injury, septic shock, severe illness, or surgery.
  • Disorders causing clotting within the kidney blood vessels.
  • Kidney infections such as acute pyelonephritis or septicemia.
  • Pregnancy complications including placenta abruption or placenta previa.
  • Blockages in the urinary tract.
  • Illicit drug use, e.g., cocaine and heroin.
  • Certain medications including NSAIDs, specific antibiotics, blood pressure medications, intravenous contrast (dye), certain cancer and HIV drugs.

Symptoms[edit]

Symptoms of acute kidney disease might encompass:

  • Bloody stools or nosebleeds.
  • Odorous breath and a metallic taste in the mouth.
  • Bruising easily and prolonged bleeding.
  • Changes in mental clarity or mood swings.
  • Reduced appetite.
  • Decreased sensitivity, especially in extremities.
  • Feeling fatigued or slow movements.
  • Flank pain.
  • Trembling hands or heart murmurs.
  • Elevated blood pressure.
  • Persistent nausea, vomiting, or hiccups.
  • Fluid retention leading to swelling in legs, ankles, and feet.
  • Alterations in urination patterns.

Exams and Tests[edit]

To diagnose acute kidney disease, healthcare professionals will:

  • Conduct a thorough physical examination.
  • Recommend tests like BUN, Serum creatinine, Serum potassium, Creatinine clearance, and Urinalysis.
  • Opt for kidney or abdominal ultrasound to identify any urinary tract blockages. Additionally, X-ray, CT scan, or MRI of the abdomen might also be utilized.

Treatment[edit]

Treatment for acute kidney disease focuses on:

  • Determining and addressing the underlying cause.
  • Regulating fluid intake based on urine output.
  • Dietary adjustments to reduce toxin build-up.
  • Antibiotic administration to treat or stave off infections.
  • Utilizing diuretics to remove excess fluid.
  • Managing blood potassium levels.
  • In severe cases, dialysis might be necessitated.

Chronic Kidney Disease[edit]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) indicates sustained damage to the kidneys over an extended period, impairing their ability to filter blood efficiently. This damage accumulates waste in the body and can lead to additional health complications. Diabetes and high blood pressure are the predominant causes of CKD. Often, CKD progresses unnoticed until it reaches advanced stages.

Symptoms[edit]

Early signs of CKD might include:

  • Loss of appetite.
  • Fatigue or malaise.
  • Headaches.
  • Skin itching or dryness.
  • Unintentional weight loss.

As CKD progresses, symptoms might intensify:

  • Abnormal skin pigmentation.
  • Bone pain.
  • Cognitive difficulties or drowsiness.
  • Swelling or numbness in extremities.
  • Muscle cramps or twitching.
  • Odorous breath.
  • Excessive thirst or frequent hiccups.
  • Issues with sexual function or menstrual irregularities.
  • Respiratory difficulties.

Exams and Tests[edit]

For diagnosing CKD, healthcare professionals will:

  • Monitor blood pressure.
  • Examine the nervous system for signs of nerve damage.
  • Conduct a urinalysis.
  • Recommend blood tests like Creatinine clearance, Creatinine levels, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and others.
  • Possibly suggest imaging tests like CT, MRI, or Kidney ultrasound.

Treatment[edit]

Managing CKD involves:

  • Blood pressure regulation using ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
  • Implementing lifestyle changes, such as dietary adjustments, exercise, smoking cessation, and managing blood sugar levels.
  • Avoiding certain over-the-counter medications and supplements.
  • Administering medications like phosphate binders, iron supplements, erythropoietin injections, and possibly calcium and vitamin D supplements.
  • Recommending a special diet to manage symptoms.

Things You Can Do[edit]

To maintain kidney health:

  • Opt for a low-sodium diet.
  • Regularly monitor and control blood pressure.
  • Regulate blood sugar levels.
  • Limit alcohol consumption.
  • Consume a heart-healthy diet comprising fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products.
  • Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight.
  • Avoid smoking.

Topics in nephrology and urology[edit]

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

This article is a medical stub. You can help WikiMD by expanding it!
PubMed
Wikipedia
Health science - Medicine - Nephrology - edit
Diseases of the glomerulus
Lupus nephritis | Post-infectious glomerulonephritis | Minimal change disease | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | Diabetic nephropathy
Diseases of the proximal convoluted tubules
Fanconi syndrome (Type II renal tubular acidosis) | renal cell carcinoma
Diseases of the distal convoluted tubules
pseudohypoaldosteronism (Type IV renal tubular acidosis)
Diseases of the collecting duct
Type I renal tubular acidosis
Tumours of the kidney
renal cell carcinoma | Wilms' tumour (children)
Diseases of the renal vasculature
renal artery stenosis | vasculitis | atheroembolic disease
Tubulointerstitial diseases of the kidney
Drug-induced interstitial nephritis | Obstructive nephropathy | Radiation nephritis | Reflux nephropathy | Sarcoidosis
Genetic diseases of the kidney/syndromes associated with kidney dysfunction
Alport syndrome | Polycystic kidney disease | Wilms' tumour (children)

von Hippel-Lindau syndrome | Hereditary papillary renal carcinoma | Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome | Hereditary renal carcinoma

Chronic kidney disease and related conditions

Chronic Kidney Disease

Anemia in CKD | Causes of CKD | CKD Overview | CKD Tests and Diagnosis | Diabetic Kidney Disease | Eating Right for CKD | High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease | Managing CKD | Mineral and Bone Disorder in CKD | Nutrition for Advanced CKD in Adults | Preventing CKD | Quick Reference on UACR & GFR

Kidney Failure

Eating and Nutrition for Hemodialysis | Financial Help for Treatment of Kidney Failure | Hemodialysis | Kidney Failure | Kidney Transplant | Peritoneal Dialysis

Other Kidney Topics

Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease | Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease | Diabetes Insipidus | Ectopic Kidney | Glomerular Diseases | Goodpasture Syndrome | Henoch-Schönlein Purpura | IgA Nephropathy | Kidney Dysplasia | Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis) | Kidney Stones | Lupus Nephritis | Medullary Sponge Kidney | Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults | Pain Medicine and Kidney Damage | Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) | Renal Artery Stenosis | Renal Tubular Acidosis | Simple Kidney Cysts | Solitary Kidney | Your Kidneys and How They Work | Your Urinary Tract and How It Works

Disease of the kidney glomerules
Primarily
nephrotic
Primarily
nephritic,
RPG
General
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