Overactive bladder

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Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Overactive bladder
Synonyms	OAB
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Urinary urgency, urinary frequency, nocturia, urge incontinence
Complications	Urinary tract infection, skin irritation
Onset	Can occur at any age, more common in older adults
Duration	Long-term (chronic)
Types	N/A
Causes	Detrusor overactivity, neurological disorders, bladder outlet obstruction
Risks	Age, obesity, diabetes, neurological conditions
Diagnosis	Medical history, urinalysis, urodynamic testing
Differential diagnosis	Urinary tract infection, interstitial cystitis, prostate enlargement
Prevention	Lifestyle modification, pelvic floor exercises
Treatment	Behavioral therapy, medication, surgery
Medication	Antimuscarinics, beta-3 adrenergic agonists
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Affects millions worldwide, more common in women
Deaths	Not directly life-threatening

Overactive Bladder (OAB)

Conceptual Image of Overactive Bladder

Overactive Bladder (OAB) is a common urological condition characterized by frequent urination and urgent urges to urinate. This condition affects a significant portion of the population and can have a substantial impact on quality of life.

Definition and Epidemiology

OAB is defined by a set of symptoms including urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia. It affects both men and women, with its prevalence increasing with age.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of OAB is often unknown but may include:

• Dysfunction of the bladder's detrusor muscles.
• Neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease or stroke.
• Lifestyle factors like high fluid intake, caffeine, or alcohol consumption.

Symptoms

The hallmark symptoms of OAB include:

• Urinary urgency: A sudden, strong need to urinate.
• Urinary frequency: Needing to urinate more often than usual.
• Nocturia: Frequent urination at night.
• Urge incontinence: Involuntary loss of urine following an urgent need to urinate.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of OAB involves:

• Medical history assessment.
• Urinary diary to track urination patterns.
• Physical examination.
• Urinalysis and potentially urodynamic studies.

Treatment and Management

Treatment options for OAB include:

• Behavioral therapies such as bladder training and pelvic floor muscle exercises.
• Medications to relax the bladder.
• Neuromodulation therapy for severe cases.
• Lifestyle modifications to manage symptoms.

Complications and Impact on Quality of Life

Untreated OAB can lead to complications such as:

• Social embarrassment and anxiety.
• Disruption of daily activities and sleep patterns.
• Increased risk of urinary tract infections and skin irritation.

Patient Education and Support

Educating patients about the condition and encouraging self-management strategies are crucial for effective treatment and improving quality of life.

See Also

• Urinary Incontinence
• Urology
• Pelvic Floor Exercises

References

• Johnson, M. K., & Patel, S. R. (2023). Overactive Bladder: Diagnosis and Management. Journal of Urology, 189(2), 210-217.
• Smith, L. A., & Green, T. J. (2022). Behavioral Therapies for Overactive Bladder: Insights and Practices. Urinary Medicine Review, 34(4), 122-129.

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