Rubitecan
Rubitecan (Orathecin): An Insight into Topoisomerase Inhibitors
Rubitecan (International Nonproprietary Name - INN) commercialized as Orathecin, is a potent oral topoisomerase inhibitor hailing from the family of anticancer agents. Initially developed by SuperGen, this compound now lies under the stewardship of Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a subsidiary of the renowned Otsuka Group.
Synthesis
The synthesis of Rubitecan, especially on a large scale, has presented significant challenges, with certain steps proving problematic.
- Regioselectivity Issues: The direct nitration of camptothecin, a precursor in Rubitecan's synthesis, doesn't always yield the desired product due to regioselectivity issues[1].
- Alternative Approach: One workaround to the above challenge is to initially nitrate 10-hydroxycamptothecin and then proceed to eliminate the hydroxyl functional group, giving rise to Rubitecan[2].
Use as an Anti-Cancer Drug
Rubitecan's anticancer activity, particularly its potential against pancreatic cancer and various solid tumors, has made it a significant subject of oncology research.
- Mechanism of Action: As a topoisomerase inhibitor, Rubitecan works by interfering with the action of topoisomerase enzymes, thus preventing the unwinding of DNA required for replication and transcription. This effectively halts tumor growth[3].
- Bioavailability Concerns: Despite its potency, Rubitecan’s utility is hampered by its poor oral bioavailability. This is attributed to its low permeability coupled with dismal water solubility[4].
- Novel Delivery Method: Research indicates that using a Soluplus1-based solid dispersion system (9-NC-SD) to deliver Rubitecan might circumvent the bioavailability issues, presenting a more effective delivery mechanism as compared to the conventional 9-NC[5].
Conclusion
Rubitecan's journey from synthesis to its potential therapeutic applications in oncology underscores both the challenges and innovations in the realm of drug discovery and development. While obstacles remain, evolving research, particularly in drug delivery, offers hope for maximizing the utility of this promising anticancer agent.
References
- ↑ Shao, Y. et al. (2007). Modified synthesis of 9-nitrocamptothecin. Journal of Chemical Research.
- ↑ Kim, D. H., et al. (2013). Synthetic approaches to the 2008 new drugs. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 21(16), 5005-5102.
- ↑ Pommier, Y. (2006). Topoisomerase I inhibitors: camptothecins and beyond. Nature Reviews Cancer, 6(10), 789-802.
- ↑ Luo, C., et al. (2011). Amorphous solid dispersion of 9-nitrocamptothecin with improved oral bioavailability. International journal of pharmaceutics, 413(1-2), 167-173.
- ↑ Li, S., et al. (2014). Soluplus®/TPGS-based solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion equipped with twin-screw systems for enhancing oral bioavailability of valsartan. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 4(5), 333-341.
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