Glanders

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Glanders

Glanders (/ˈɡlændərz/), also known as malleus, is a highly infectious and lethal disease, primarily affecting horses, but can also infect humans and other animals. The disease is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei.

Etymology

The term "glanders" is derived from the Old English gland, referring to the swollen glands that are a characteristic symptom of the disease. The Latin term malleus means "hammer", possibly referring to the devastating impact of the disease.

Symptoms

In horses, symptoms of glanders include fever, nasal discharge, and the development of nodules and ulcers in the respiratory tract and skin. In humans, symptoms can range from fever and muscle aches to more severe complications such as pneumonia and septicaemia.

Transmission

Glanders is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or through ingestion or inhalation of the bacterium Burkholderia mallei. The disease can also be spread through contaminated water or feed.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of glanders is typically made through a combination of clinical signs and laboratory testing. The mallein test, which involves the injection of a purified protein derivative of Burkholderia mallei, is commonly used in horses.

Treatment

Treatment for glanders is difficult due to the high level of resistance of Burkholderia mallei to many antibiotics. In animals, euthanasia is often the most humane option. In humans, a combination of antibiotics may be used, although the success rate is variable.

Prevention

Prevention of glanders involves strict biosecurity measures, including quarantine and testing of new animals, and the use of protective clothing and equipment when handling infected animals.

Related Terms

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