Glanders: Difference between revisions
No edit summary Tag: visualeditor-wikitext |
CSV import |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{SI}} | |||
{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Glanders | |||
| image = [[File:NHR_April1917_p.76.jpg|250px]] | |||
| caption = A historical depiction of a horse affected by glanders | |||
| field = [[Infectious disease]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[muscle aches]], [[chest pain]], [[cough]], [[pneumonia]], [[skin lesions]] | |||
| complications = [[Sepsis]], [[chronic infection]], [[death]] | |||
| onset = 1 to 14 days after exposure | |||
| duration = Variable | |||
| causes = ''[[Burkholderia mallei]]'' | |||
| risks = Contact with infected animals, laboratory exposure | |||
| diagnosis = [[Culture (microbiology)|Culture]], [[serology]], [[PCR]] | |||
| differential = [[Melioidosis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[plague (disease)|plague]] | |||
| prevention = Avoid contact with infected animals, use of protective equipment | |||
| treatment = [[Antibiotics]] such as [[ceftazidime]], [[imipenem]], [[doxycycline]] | |||
| prognosis = Poor if untreated, better with early treatment | |||
| frequency = Rare in humans, more common in animals | |||
}} | |||
== Other Names == | == Other Names == | ||
Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia mallei infection | Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia mallei infection | ||
[[File:Burkholderia mallei.jpg|alt=Burkholderia mallei|thumb|Burkholderia mallei]] | [[File:Burkholderia mallei.jpg|alt=Burkholderia mallei|left|thumb|Burkholderia mallei]] | ||
* Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium '''Burkholderia mallei'''. | |||
* Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium '''Burkholderia mallei'''. | * While people can get the disease, glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses. | ||
* While people can get the disease, glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses. | |||
* It also affects donkeys and mules and can be naturally contracted by other mammals such as goats, dogs, and cats. | * It also affects donkeys and mules and can be naturally contracted by other mammals such as goats, dogs, and cats. | ||
== '''Cause''' == | == '''Cause''' == | ||
Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium '''Burkholderia mallei'''. | Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium '''Burkholderia mallei'''. | ||
== '''Risk factors''' == | == '''Risk factors''' == | ||
Those who care for affected animals or handle infected specimens may also face an increased risk. Such persons can include: | Those who care for affected animals or handle infected specimens may also face an increased risk. Such persons can include: | ||
| Line 17: | Line 33: | ||
* Equine Butchers | * Equine Butchers | ||
* Abattoir Workers | * Abattoir Workers | ||
<youtube> | <youtube> | ||
title='''{{PAGENAME}}''' | title='''{{PAGENAME}}''' | ||
| Line 28: | Line 43: | ||
height=600 | height=600 | ||
</youtube> | </youtube> | ||
== '''Epidemiology''' == | == '''Epidemiology''' == | ||
No naturally occurring cases of glanders have been reported in the United States since the 1940s. | No naturally occurring cases of glanders have been reported in the United States since the 1940s. | ||
| Line 37: | Line 51: | ||
* Central America | * Central America | ||
* South America | * South America | ||
== '''Transmission''' == | == '''Transmission''' == | ||
The bacteria that cause glanders are transmitted to humans through contact with tissues or body fluids of infected animals. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin and through mucosal surfaces such as the eyes and nose. | The bacteria that cause glanders are transmitted to humans through contact with tissues or body fluids of infected animals. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin and through mucosal surfaces such as the eyes and nose. | ||
It may also be inhaled via infected [[aerosols]] or dust contaminated by infected animals. Sporadic cases have been documented in veterinarians, horse caretakers, and laboratorians. | It may also be inhaled via infected [[aerosols]] or dust contaminated by infected animals. Sporadic cases have been documented in veterinarians, horse caretakers, and laboratorians. | ||
Cases of human-to-human transmission have not been reported in the U.S. | Cases of human-to-human transmission have not been reported in the U.S. | ||
[[File:Burkholderia mallei.tif|alt=Burkholderia mallei|thumb|'''Burkholderia mallei''']] | [[File:Burkholderia mallei.tif|alt=Burkholderia mallei|left|thumb|'''Burkholderia mallei''']] | ||
== '''Symptoms''' == | == '''Symptoms''' == | ||
Symptoms of glanders commonly include: | Symptoms of glanders commonly include: | ||
| Line 54: | Line 65: | ||
* Nasal discharge | * Nasal discharge | ||
* Light sensitivity (sometimes with excessive tearing of the eyes) | * Light sensitivity (sometimes with excessive tearing of the eyes) | ||
== '''Types of infection''' == | == '''Types of infection''' == | ||
The particular symptoms experienced, however, will vary depending on the type of infection. The four types of infections, along with the symptoms associated with each, are listed below. | The particular symptoms experienced, however, will vary depending on the type of infection. The four types of infections, along with the symptoms associated with each, are listed below. | ||
'''Localized Infection''' | '''Localized Infection''' | ||
If there is a cut or scratch in the skin, a localized infection with ulceration may develop within 1 to 5 days at the site where the bacteria entered the body. Swollen lymph nodes may also be apparent. | If there is a cut or scratch in the skin, a localized infection with ulceration may develop within 1 to 5 days at the site where the bacteria entered the body. Swollen lymph nodes may also be apparent. | ||
Infections involving the mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract will cause increased mucus production from the affected sites. Dissemination to other locations in the body may occur 1-4 weeks after infection. | Infections involving the mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract will cause increased mucus production from the affected sites. Dissemination to other locations in the body may occur 1-4 weeks after infection. | ||
'''Pulmonary Infection''' | '''Pulmonary Infection''' | ||
Glanders often manifests itself as pulmonary infection. In pulmonary infections, pneumonia, pulmonary abscesses, and [[pleural effusion]] can occur. Chest [[X-rays]] will show localized infection in the lobes of the lungs. | Glanders often manifests itself as pulmonary infection. In pulmonary infections, pneumonia, pulmonary abscesses, and [[pleural effusion]] can occur. Chest [[X-rays]] will show localized infection in the lobes of the lungs. | ||
'''Bloodstream Infection''' | '''Bloodstream Infection''' | ||
Without treatment, glanders bloodstream infections are usually fatal within 7 to 10 days. | Without treatment, glanders bloodstream infections are usually fatal within 7 to 10 days. | ||
'''Chronic Infection''' | '''Chronic Infection''' | ||
The chronic form of glanders involves multiple abscesses within the muscles and skin of the arms and legs or in the lungs, spleen, and/or liver. | The chronic form of glanders involves multiple abscesses within the muscles and skin of the arms and legs or in the lungs, spleen, and/or liver. | ||
== '''Diagnosis''' == | == '''Diagnosis''' == | ||
The [[mallein test]] is a sensitive and specific clinical test for glanders. Mallein (ATCvet code: QI05AR01 (WHO)), a protein fraction of the glanders organism (B. mallei), is injected intradermopalpebrally or given by eye drop. In infected animals, the eyelid swells markedly in 1 to 2 days. | The [[mallein test]] is a sensitive and specific clinical test for glanders. Mallein (ATCvet code: QI05AR01 (WHO)), a protein fraction of the glanders organism (B. mallei), is injected intradermopalpebrally or given by eye drop. In infected animals, the eyelid swells markedly in 1 to 2 days. | ||
== '''Treatment''' == | == '''Treatment''' == | ||
Since human cases of glanders are rare, there is limited information about antibiotic treatment in humans. [[Sulfadiazine]] has been found to be effective in experimental animals and in humans. | Since human cases of glanders are rare, there is limited information about antibiotic treatment in humans. [[Sulfadiazine]] has been found to be effective in experimental animals and in humans. | ||
| Line 85: | Line 89: | ||
* [[Ceftrazidime]] | * [[Ceftrazidime]] | ||
* [[Sulfonamides]] | * [[Sulfonamides]] | ||
== Prevention == | == Prevention == | ||
* Presently, there is no vaccine available for glanders. | * Presently, there is no vaccine available for glanders. | ||
| Line 91: | Line 94: | ||
* Within the health care setting, transmission can be prevented by using standard and airborne precautions. | * Within the health care setting, transmission can be prevented by using standard and airborne precautions. | ||
{{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}} | {{Gram-negative bacterial diseases}} | ||
{{Bacterial diseases}} | {{Bacterial diseases}} | ||
{{nt}} | |||
{{ | |||
[[Category:Zoonotic bacterial diseases]] | [[Category:Zoonotic bacterial diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Biological weapons]] | [[Category:Biological weapons]] | ||
Revision as of 02:26, 7 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD's medical weight loss NYC, sleep center NYC
Philadelphia medical weight loss and Philadelphia sleep clinics
| Glanders | |
|---|---|
| File:NHR April1917 p.76.jpg | |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Fever, muscle aches, chest pain, cough, pneumonia, skin lesions |
| Complications | Sepsis, chronic infection, death |
| Onset | 1 to 14 days after exposure |
| Duration | Variable |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Burkholderia mallei |
| Risks | Contact with infected animals, laboratory exposure |
| Diagnosis | Culture, serology, PCR |
| Differential diagnosis | Melioidosis, tuberculosis, plague |
| Prevention | Avoid contact with infected animals, use of protective equipment |
| Treatment | Antibiotics such as ceftazidime, imipenem, doxycycline |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Poor if untreated, better with early treatment |
| Frequency | Rare in humans, more common in animals |
| Deaths | N/A |
Other Names
Burkholderia mallei; Burkholderia mallei infection
- Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei.
- While people can get the disease, glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses.
- It also affects donkeys and mules and can be naturally contracted by other mammals such as goats, dogs, and cats.
Cause
Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei.
Risk factors
Those who care for affected animals or handle infected specimens may also face an increased risk. Such persons can include:
- Veterinarians
- Horse Caretakers
- Laboratorians
- Equine Butchers
- Abattoir Workers
Epidemiology
No naturally occurring cases of glanders have been reported in the United States since the 1940s. However, there are sporadic reports of glanders from the following regions:
- Africa
- Asia
- The Middle East
- Central America
- South America
Transmission
The bacteria that cause glanders are transmitted to humans through contact with tissues or body fluids of infected animals. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin and through mucosal surfaces such as the eyes and nose. It may also be inhaled via infected aerosols or dust contaminated by infected animals. Sporadic cases have been documented in veterinarians, horse caretakers, and laboratorians. Cases of human-to-human transmission have not been reported in the U.S.
Symptoms
Symptoms of glanders commonly include:
- Fever with chills and sweating
- Muscle aches
- Chest pain
- Muscle tightness
- Headache
- Nasal discharge
- Light sensitivity (sometimes with excessive tearing of the eyes)
Types of infection
The particular symptoms experienced, however, will vary depending on the type of infection. The four types of infections, along with the symptoms associated with each, are listed below. Localized Infection If there is a cut or scratch in the skin, a localized infection with ulceration may develop within 1 to 5 days at the site where the bacteria entered the body. Swollen lymph nodes may also be apparent. Infections involving the mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, and respiratory tract will cause increased mucus production from the affected sites. Dissemination to other locations in the body may occur 1-4 weeks after infection. Pulmonary Infection Glanders often manifests itself as pulmonary infection. In pulmonary infections, pneumonia, pulmonary abscesses, and pleural effusion can occur. Chest X-rays will show localized infection in the lobes of the lungs. Bloodstream Infection Without treatment, glanders bloodstream infections are usually fatal within 7 to 10 days. Chronic Infection The chronic form of glanders involves multiple abscesses within the muscles and skin of the arms and legs or in the lungs, spleen, and/or liver.
Diagnosis
The mallein test is a sensitive and specific clinical test for glanders. Mallein (ATCvet code: QI05AR01 (WHO)), a protein fraction of the glanders organism (B. mallei), is injected intradermopalpebrally or given by eye drop. In infected animals, the eyelid swells markedly in 1 to 2 days.
Treatment
Since human cases of glanders are rare, there is limited information about antibiotic treatment in humans. Sulfadiazine has been found to be effective in experimental animals and in humans. In addition, the bacterium that causes glanders is usually susceptible to:
Prevention
- Presently, there is no vaccine available for glanders.
- In countries where glanders is endemic in animals, prevention of the disease in humans involves identification and elimination of the infection in the animal population.
- Within the health care setting, transmission can be prevented by using standard and airborne precautions.
| Proteobacteria-associated Gram-negative bacterial infections (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| Proteobacteria-associated Gram-negative bacterial infections (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
