Etrog

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Etrog diagram

Citron Balady Etrog Simanim

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PikiWiki Israel 9435 Rabbi Bergman examines a students citron

Etrog (Hebrew: אֶתְרוֹג), also known as the citron, is a citrus fruit that is traditionally used during the Jewish festival of Sukkot. The etrog is one of the Four Species mentioned in the Torah that are used in the rituals of the festival. The other three species are the lulav (a palm frond), hadass (myrtle branches), and aravah (willow branches). The etrog is particularly valued for its aesthetic qualities and its fragrance.

Description

The etrog is a large, yellow citrus fruit with a thick, bumpy rind and a fragrant, lemon-like scent. It is similar in appearance to a lemon but is generally larger and has a more elongated shape. The fruit's pulp is divided into segments, and it contains a large number of seeds. The etrog tree is an evergreen tree that belongs to the Citrus genus and is thought to be native to the Himalayas and the areas of northeastern India, but it has been cultivated in the Mediterranean Basin for many centuries.

Religious Significance

In Judaism, the etrog is used during Sukkot, which is a week-long festival that occurs in the fall, commemorating the forty years that the Israelites wandered in the desert after the Exodus from Egypt. The etrog, along with the lulav, hadass, and aravah, are held together and waved in all six directions (east, south, west, north, up, and down) to symbolize God's dominion over all creation. The etrog is particularly significant because it is said to represent the heart, one of the reasons being its fragrance, which can be enjoyed without even touching the fruit, symbolizing the importance of intentions and deeds that come from the heart.

Cultural Aspects

The selection of an etrog for the Sukkot rituals is taken very seriously, and Jews often search meticulously for the most beautiful etrog they can find, as the Talmud specifies that the etrog must be "beautiful". Factors that are considered include the shape, size, color, and any blemishes on the fruit's surface. The etrog can be quite expensive, and prices vary greatly depending on the fruit's perceived perfection.

Agricultural Practices

The cultivation of etrogim (plural for etrog) requires a great deal of care to ensure that the fruits are of the highest quality for religious use. The trees are often grown in special orchards, and the fruits may be covered or bagged while still on the tree to protect them from blemishes. In addition to traditional growing areas in the Mediterranean, etrogim are also cultivated in other parts of the world, including the United States and Israel, to meet the demand from Jewish communities worldwide.

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