FG syndrome

FG syndrome (FGS) is a rare genetic syndrome caused by one or more recessive genes located on the X chromosome and causing physical anomalies and developmental delays. FG syndrome was named after the first letters of the surnames of the first patients noted with the disease.<ref name="Faq Pages">

Faq Pages(link). FG Syndrome Family Alliance. fgsyndrome.org.

</ref> First reported by American geneticists John M. Opitz and Elisabeth G. Kaveggia in 1974,<ref name=Opitz-1974/> its major clinical features include intellectual disability, hyperactivity, hypotonia (low muscle tone), and a characteristic facial appearance including macrocephaly (an abnormally large head).<ref name=Thompson/>

Presentation

FG syndrome's major clinical features include intellectual disability, usually severe; hyperactive behavior, often with an outgoing personality; severe constipation, with or without structural anomalies in the anus such as imperforate anus; macrocephaly; severe hypotonia; a characteristic facial appearance due to hypotonia, giving a droopy, "open-mouthed" expression, a thin upper lip, a full or pouting lower lip, and partial or complete loss of the corpus callosum. About a third of reported cases of individuals with FG syndrome die in infancy, usually due to respiratory infection; premature death is rare after infancy.<ref name=Thompson>,

 FG syndrome, 
 J Med Genet, 
 1987,
 Vol. 24(Issue: 3),
 pp. 139–43,
 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.24.3.139,
 PMID: 3572995,
 PMC: 1049945,</ref>

Developmental effects

Associated with agenesis (absence) of the corpus callosum, intellectual disabilities are common among individuals with FG syndrome.<ref name=Lyons>

MED12-Related Disorders(link). GeneReviews. University of Washington, Seattle.

</ref> Motor ability is also impaired as a result of having FG syndrome and its effects on the development of neurons.<ref name=Lyons/> During infancy, problems arise in the gastrointestinal and gastroesophageal systems of the body.<ref name=Lyons/> The most common gastrointestinal problems include constipation from imperforated anuses and gastroesophageal reflux.<ref name=Lyons/> Cardiopulmonary defects also contribute to roughly 60% of premature deaths in infants with FG syndrome.<ref name=Lyons/> Of all of the congenital heart defects septal defects are the most common.<ref name=Lyons/> After infancy, long term survival has been recorded to individuals surviving beyond the age of 50.<ref name=Lyons/>

Genetics

Most mutations that cause FG syndrome can be found in the MED12 gene. However, mutations have also been found in FMR1, FLNA, UPF3B, CASK, MECP2 and ATRX genes.<ref name=Lyons/> Mutations on these different genes lead to the different types of FG syndrome, all with similar characteristics.<ref name=Lyons/> The FGS1 type mutation is the most common of the types, and is found in the MED12 gene.<ref name=Lyons/>

Known types and affected genes include:

Type	OMIM	Gene	Locus
FGS1	305450	MED12	Xq13
FGS2	300321	FLNA	Xq28
FGS3	300406	FGS3	Xp22.3
FGS4	300422	CASK	Xp11.4-p11.3
FGS5	300581	FGS5	Xq22.3

MED12 gene

The MED12 gene codes for the mediator complex subunit 12 protein.<ref name="MED12 - Genetics Home Reference">

MED12 - Genetics Home Reference(link). '. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

</ref> The mediator complex is composed of around 25 different proteins that all help with the regulation of gene activity.<ref name="MED12 - Genetics Home Reference"/> This mediator complex regulates gene expression by bridging interaction between RNA polymerase II and gene-specific regulating proteins such as transcription factors, repressor proteins, activator proteins, etc.<ref name="MED12 - Genetics Home Reference"/> Changes to this complex and the proteins associated can have a severe impact on the production of new proteins.<ref name="MED12 - Genetics Home Reference"/> The MED12 gene is also thought to be highly linked to neuron development as well as high usage in the cells signal transduction pathway.<ref name="MED12 - Genetics Home Reference"/> This explains the slowed intellectual development individuals with FG syndrome have.<ref name="MED12 - Genetics Home Reference"/>

History

Kim Peek (1951–2009) probably had FG syndrome.

The name of the syndrome comes from the initials of the surnames of two sisters, who had five sons with the syndrome. The first study of the syndrome, published in 1974,<ref name=Opitz-1974>,

 Studies of malformation syndromes of man XXXIII: the FG syndrome. An X-linked recessive syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation, 
 Z Kinderheilkd, 
 1974,
 Vol. 117(Issue: 1),
 pp. 1–18,
 DOI: 10.1007/BF00439020,
 PMID: 4365204,
 
 
 Full text,</ref> established that it was linked to inheritance of the X chromosome.<ref name=Opitz-2008>, 
 The FG syndromes (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 305450): perspective in 2008, 
 Adv Pediatr, 
 2008,
 Vol. 55,
 pp. 123–70,
 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2008.07.014,
 PMID: 19048730,</ref>

A 2008 study concluded that Kim Peek, who was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character Raymond Babbitt in the movie Rain Man, probably had FG syndrome<ref name=Opitz-2008/> rather than autism.

See also

• Lujan–Fryns syndrome

External links

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