Intellectual disability
Intellectual disability
Intellectual disability (pronounced in-tuh-lek-choo-uhl dis-uh-bil-i-tee), also known as mental retardation, is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child.
Etymology
The term "intellectual disability" is a modern term that has evolved over time from previous terms such as "mental retardation" and "mental deficiency". The shift in terminology reflects a change in understanding and attitude towards these conditions, focusing on the individual's abilities rather than their limitations.
Definition
Intellectual disability is defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) as a disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18.
Causes
Intellectual disability can be caused by any condition that impairs development of the brain before birth, during birth or in the childhood years. Several hundred causes have been discovered, but in about one-third of the people affected, the cause remains unknown. The most common syndromes associated with intellectual disabilities are Down syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and Fragile X syndrome.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of intellectual disability is usually made through the use of standardized tests of intelligence and adaptive behavior. A diagnosis of intellectual disability also requires that the deficits in functioning began in the developmental period.
Treatment
While there is no cure for intellectual disability, there are many treatments available that can help a person with this condition live a fulfilling life. These treatments include physical, occupational, and speech therapy, as well as special education classes and psychological counseling.
Related terms
- Developmental disability
- Learning disability
- Autism spectrum disorder
- Cognitive impairment
- Mental health
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Intellectual disability
- Wikipedia's article - Intellectual disability
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