Tuberculoid leprosy

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Tuberculoid leprosy
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Hypopigmented skin lesions, loss of sensation
Complications	Nerve damage, disability
Onset	Gradual
Duration	Long term
Types	N/A
Causes	Mycobacterium leprae
Risks	Close contact with untreated cases
Diagnosis	Skin biopsy, slit-skin smear
Differential diagnosis	Vitiligo, tinea versicolor, sarcoidosis
Prevention	BCG vaccine, avoiding close contact
Treatment	Multidrug therapy (MDT)
Medication	Dapsone, rifampicin
Prognosis	Good with treatment
Frequency	Less common than lepromatous leprosy
Deaths	N/A

Tuberculoid leprosy is a form of leprosy characterized by a strong immune response to the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It is one of the two major forms of leprosy, the other being lepromatous leprosy. Tuberculoid leprosy is considered to be a less severe form of the disease.

Clinical features

Tuberculoid leprosy presents with a limited number of skin lesions, which are often dry, hairless, and hypopigmented. These lesions are typically anesthetic due to the involvement of peripheral nerves. The immune response in tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by a strong cell-mediated immunity, which helps to contain the infection but also leads to nerve damage.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of tuberculoid leprosy involves a robust Th1 immune response, which is effective in controlling the proliferation of Mycobacterium leprae. This immune response results in the formation of granulomas in the skin and nerves, which are collections of immune cells that attempt to wall off the bacteria.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of tuberculoid leprosy is based on clinical examination, skin smears, and skin biopsy. The skin lesions in tuberculoid leprosy are often paucibacillary, meaning they contain few bacteria, which can make diagnosis challenging. Histopathological examination of a biopsy can reveal the presence of granulomas and nerve involvement.

Treatment

The treatment of tuberculoid leprosy involves multidrug therapy (MDT) as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The standard regimen includes dapsone and rifampicin for a period of six months. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent nerve damage and disability.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with tuberculoid leprosy is generally good, especially with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The strong immune response helps to limit the spread of the bacteria, and most patients respond well to therapy. However, nerve damage can be permanent if not treated promptly.

See also

• Leprosy
• Lepromatous leprosy
• Mycobacterium leprae