Stretch marks

"Striae" is also a general term referring to thin, narrow grooves or channels, or a thin line or band especially if several of them are parallel or close together.

Stretch marks
File:Belly Strech Marks.jpg
Synonyms	stria, striae distensae
Pronounce
Field	Dermatology
Symptoms
Complications
Onset
Duration
Types
Causes
Risks
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Medication
Prognosis
Frequency
Deaths

Stretch marks, also known as striae, are a form of scarring on the skin with an off-color hue. Over time they may diminish, but will not disappear completely. Stretch marks form during rapid growth of the body, such as during puberty or pregnancy. In pregnancy they usually form during the last trimester, and usually on the belly, but also commonly occur on the breasts, thighs, hips, lower back and buttocks. These are known as striae gravidarum.<ref>

Are Pregnancy Stretch Marks Different?(link). {{{website}}}. American Pregnancy Association. 19 January 2013.

</ref>

Stretch marks are caused by tearing of the dermis. This is often from the rapid stretching of the skin associated with rapid growth or rapid weight changes. Stretch marks may also be influenced by hormonal changes associated with puberty, pregnancy, bodybuilding, or hormone replacement therapy.

There is no evidence that creams used during pregnancy prevent stretch marks.<ref name=CC-Brennan-2012 /> Once they have formed there is no clearly effective treatment, though various methods have been attempted and studied.<ref name=L2014/>

Signs and symptoms

Striae, or "stretch marks", begin as reddish or purple lesions, which can appear anywhere on the body, but are most likely to appear in places where larger amounts of fat are stored; the most common places are the abdomen (especially near the navel), breasts, upper arms, underarms, back, thighs (both inner and outer), hips, and buttocks. Over time, they tend to atrophy and lose pigmentation. The affected areas appear empty, and are soft to the touch.<ref>

Stretch Mark(link). {{{website}}}.

</ref>

Stretch marks occur in the dermis, the resilient middle tissue layer that helps the skin retain its shape. No stretch marks will form as long as there is support within the dermis; stretching plays a role in where the marks occur and in what direction they run, however, there are a number of contributing factors (see: "Causes", below) to their formation. They can (but do not always) cause a burning and itching sensation, as well as emotional distress. They pose no health risk in and of themselves, and do not compromise the body's ability to function normally and repair itself, however, they are often considered a cosmetic nuisance.<ref name="Stretch Mark"/> Young women are generally affected the most and often seek treatment for them from a dermatologist<ref name="ReferenceA">,

 Risk factors associated with striae gravidarum, 
 J Am Acad Dermatol, 
 2004,
 Vol. 51(Issue: 6),
 pp. 881–5,
 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.05.030,
 PMID: 15583577,</ref> and following pregnancy.<ref name="Andrews">, 
  
 Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology, 
  
 Saunders Elsevier, 
 2006, 
  
  
 ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6,</ref>

• Striae gravidarum in a pregnant woman at 38 weeks.
  Striae gravidarum in a pregnant woman at 38 weeks.
• Stretch marks from pregnancy >1 year postpartum.
  Stretch marks from pregnancy >1 year postpartum.
• Normal stretch marks in a teenage male
  Normal stretch marks in a teenage male
• Stretch marks in a female breast
  Stretch marks in a female breast
• Striae distensae on an obese male
  Striae distensae on an obese male

Causes

Stretch marks appear to be caused by stretching of the skin. This is especially true when there is an increase in cortisone.<ref>

Stretch marks - Symptoms and causes(link). mayoclinic.org.

</ref>

In other words, an increase in cortisone levels can increase the probability or severity of stretch marks by reducing the skin's pliability; more specifically, it affects the dermis by preventing the fibroblasts from forming collagen and elastin fibers, necessary to keep rapidly growing skin taut. This can create a lack of supportive material as the skin is stretched, and lead to dermal and epidermal tearing, which in turn can produce scarring in the form of stretch marks. This is particularly the case when there is new tissue growth (which can interfere with the underlying physical support of the dermis or epidermis, by displacing the supportive tissue).

Examples of cases where stretch marks are common, also given by the Mayo Clinic, include weight gain (in the form of fat and/or muscle), pregnancy, and adolescent growth spurts, though it is also noted that some medications, as well as other medical conditions and diseases, may increase the likelihood of stretch marks appearing. In the case of medication, the Clinic points to "Corticosteroid creams, lotions and pills and chronic use of oral or systemic steroids" as a common contributing factor; in the case of medical conditions that can contribute to stretch marks, examples given include Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and "adrenal gland diseases".

Pregnancy

Pregnancy stretch marks, also known as striae gravidarum, is a specific form of scarring of the skin of the abdominal area due to rapid expansion of the uterus as well as sudden weight gain during pregnancy. About 90% of women are affected.<ref name=BJD2015>,

 Stretch marks during pregnancy: a review of topical prevention., 
 The British Journal of Dermatology, 
 
 Vol. 172(Issue: 3),
 pp. 606–15,
 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13426,
 PMID: 25255817,
 
 
 Full text,</ref>

A number of additional factors appear to promote the appearance of stretchmarks: one study of 324 women, done just after they had given birth, demonstrated that low maternal age, high body mass index, weight gain over 15 kg (33 pounds) and higher neonatal birth weight were independently correlated with the occurrence of striae. Teenagers were found to be at the highest risk of developing severe striae.<ref name="Striae gravidarum in primiparae">,

 Striae gravidarum in primiparae, 
 British Journal of Dermatology, 
 2006,
 Vol. 155(Issue: 5),
 pp. 965–9,
 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07427.x,
 PMID: 17034526,</ref>

These off-color blemishes are symptoms of pregnancy caused by the tearing of the dermis, resulting in atrophy and loss of rete ridges.<ref>,

 Specific dermatoses of pregnancy: an evidenced-based systematic review, 
 Am J Obstet Gynecol, 
 2003,
 Vol. 188(Issue: 4),
 pp. 1083–92,
 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2003.129,
 PMID: 12712115,</ref> These scars often appear as reddish or bluish streaks on the abdomen, and can also appear on the breasts and thighs. Some of these striae disappear with time, while others remain as permanent discolorations of the body.<ref name="Stretch Mark">

Stretch Mark(link). {{{website}}}.

</ref>

Mechanical distension and rapidly developing areas of the body during pregnancy (such as the abdomen, breasts, and thighs) are most commonly associated with striae formation. Some have suggested that relaxin and estrogen combined with higher levels of cortisol during pregnancy can cause an accumulation of muocopolysaccharides, which increases water absorption of connective tissue, making it prime for tearing under mechanical stress.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Striae gravidarum in primiparae"/> There also seems to be an association between higher body mass indices and in women with bigger babies and the incidence and severity of striae. Also, younger women seem to be at higher risk of developing striae during pregnancy.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB">,

 Clinical associations of striae gravidarum, 
 Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 
 2004,
 Vol. 24,
 pp. 270–27,
 DOI: 10.1080/014436104101001660779,
 PMID: 15203623,</ref>

The prevalence and severity of striae gravidarum varies among populations. The current literature suggest that in the general population of the US, there is a 50%-90% prevalence of striae associated with pregnancy,<ref name="ReferenceB"/> partly as a result of the normal hormonal changes of pregnancy and partly due to stretching of skin fibers.<ref name=CC-Brennan-2012>Brennan, M,

 Topical preparations for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy., 
 The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 
 
 Vol. 11,
 pp. CD000066,
 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000066.pub2,
 PMID: 23152199,
 
 
 Full text,</ref><ref name=Tunzi-2007>Tunzi, M, 
 Common skin conditions during pregnancy, 
 American Family Physician, 
 
 Vol. 75(Issue: 2),
 pp. 211–8,
 
 PMID: 17263216,</ref> Many women experience striae gravidarum during their first pregnancy. Nearly 45% percent of women develop striae gravidarum before 24 weeks of gestation.<ref name="Stretch Mark"/> Many women who develop lesions during the first pregnancy do not develop them during later pregnancies. Genetic factors such as family history and race also seem to be predictive in the appearance of striae.<ref name="pmid17263216">, 
 Common skin conditions during pregnancy, 
 Am Fam Physician, 
 
 Vol. 75(Issue: 2),
 pp. 211–8,
 
 PMID: 17263216,</ref>

Prevention

A systematic review has not found evidence that creams and oils are useful for preventing or reducing stretch marks in pregnancy.<ref name=CC-Brennan-2012 /> The safety in pregnancy of one ingredient, Centella asiatica, has been questioned.<ref name=Tunzi-2007 /> Evidence on treatments for reducing the appearance of the scars after pregnancy is limited.<ref name=Tunzi-2007 />

Treatment

There are no clearly useful treatments for stretch marks, although there are many different suggestions on how to remove them or lessen their appearance.<ref name=L2014>,

 Interventions for the treatment of stretch marks: a systematic review., 
 Cutis, 
 
 Vol. 94(Issue: 2),
 pp. 66–72,
 
 PMID: 25184641,</ref>

Various efforts that have been tried including laser treatments, glycolic acid, and microdermabrasion.<ref>,

 Striae distensae: a comprehensive review and evidence-based evaluation of prophylaxis and treatment., 
 The British Journal of Dermatology, 
 
 Vol. 170(Issue: 3),
 pp. 527–47,
 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12681,
 PMID: 24125059,</ref> Topical tretinoin is categorized by the FDA as a known teratogen (causing malformations in fetuses) in animals, without adequate human studies on safety in pregnancy.<ref name=DailyMed-Tretinoin>

Renova (tretinoin) cream(link). {{{website}}}. FDA and National Library of Medicine.

</ref>

Carboxytherapy is a known procedure; however, there is a lack of evidence to support how effective it is.<ref> </ref>

History

Since ancient times, pregnant women have sought remedies to prevent stretch marks during pregnancy. Both ancient Greeks and Romans used olive oil, while Ethiopians and Somalis used frankincense.<ref>

Botany(link). {{{website}}}.

</ref>

Terminology

Medical terminology for these kinds of markings includes striae atrophicae, vergetures, stria distensae, striae cutis distensae, lineae atrophicae, linea albicante, or simply striae.