Pathological lying

Pathological lying
Synonyms	Pseudologia fantastica, mythomania
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Chronic behavior of habitual or compulsive lying
Complications	Interpersonal relationship issues, legal problems
Onset	Typically adolescence or early adulthood
Duration	Long-term, often lifelong
Types	N/A
Causes	Unknown, possibly neurological or psychological factors
Risks	Personality disorders, substance abuse
Diagnosis	Clinical assessment, psychological evaluation
Differential diagnosis	Antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, factitious disorder
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Varies, often poor without treatment
Frequency	Unknown, considered rare
Deaths	N/A

Pathological lying, also recognized as mythomania or pseudologia fantastica, represents a psychological disorder characterized by the persistent and compulsive tendency to lie. Contrary to purposeful deceit that serves a clear and immediate advantage, the motivation behind pathological lying often lacks an apparent objective, except to create a self-narrative in which the individual is often the protagonist or the victim.

Definition and Classification

Pathological lying is described as a chronic, uncontrollable, and habitual behavior of lying that is not instigated by immediate social, professional, or legal consequences. The lies told by individuals with this disorder are typically self-aggrandizing or victim-oriented. However, it is important to note that pathological lying is not currently recognized as a distinct disorder within major diagnostic manuals, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Characteristics of Pathological Lying

Pathological lies often present an intriguing, but internally consistent narrative that captivates the listener. The lies can range from minor embellishments to intricate fabrications, and the individual often maintains these fabrications even when confronted with evidence to the contrary. An individual involved in pathological lying usually demonstrates an intuitive sense of what the audience finds believable and may be highly skilled in distracting the listener from inconsistencies in the narrative.

Associated Conditions and Disorders

While pathological lying is not recognized as a standalone psychiatric condition, it is often associated with a range of other disorders, particularly personality disorders such as Narcissistic Personality Disorder or Borderline Personality Disorder. It may also be present in individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder, also known as sociopathy, where lying is often used manipulatively. Furthermore, it can be a characteristic of certain neurological conditions, such as Frontotemporal Dementia or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Treatment and Management

Treatment for pathological lying can be challenging, as individuals may lack insight into their condition and may not perceive their lying as a problem. When pathological lying is a symptom of an underlying condition, treatment will typically focus on that disorder. Therapeutic approaches, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, may be helpful in managing the lying behavior.

References

• Dike, C. C., Baranoski, M., & Griffith, E. E. (2005). Pathological lying revisited. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 33(3), 342-349.
• Ford, C. V. (1996). Lies! Lies!! Lies!!! The psychology of deceit. American Psychiatric Pub.
• King, B. H., & Ford, C. V. (1988). Pseudologia fantastica. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77(1), 1-6.
• Serban, G., & Siegel, P. (1984). Pseudologia fantastica and imposture in literature and in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

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