Argentine hemorrhagic fever

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Argentine hemorrhagic fever
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Fever, hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neurological symptoms
Complications	Shock, multi-organ failure
Onset	1 to 2 weeks after exposure
Duration	1 to 2 weeks
Types	N/A
Causes	Junin virus
Risks	Exposure to rodents in endemic areas
Diagnosis	Serology, PCR
Differential diagnosis	Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Leptospirosis
Prevention	Vaccination, rodent control
Treatment	Ribavirin, supportive care
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, can be severe without treatment
Frequency	Endemic in certain regions of Argentina
Deaths	Case fatality rate can be up to 30% without treatment

Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever

Diagram of the Arenaviridae family

Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) is an acute viral disease caused by the Junin virus, a member of the Arenaviridae family. It is endemic to the Pampas region of Argentina, particularly affecting rural populations involved in agricultural activities.

Virology

The causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever is the Junin virus, which belongs to the Arenavirus genus. Arenaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses. The Arenaviridae family is divided into two groups: the Old World and New World arenaviruses, with the Junin virus being part of the New World group.

Transmission

The primary reservoir of the Junin virus is the Calomys musculinus, a rodent species commonly found in the affected regions. Humans typically contract the virus through direct contact with infected rodents or their excreta. The virus can also be transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized particles from rodent urine or droppings.

Clinical Features

Argentine hemorrhagic fever is characterized by a sudden onset of symptoms, including high fever, malaise, and muscle aches. As the disease progresses, patients may develop hemorrhagic manifestations, such as bleeding gums, petechiae, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Neurological symptoms, such as confusion and tremors, may also occur in severe cases.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of AHF is primarily based on clinical presentation and epidemiological history. Laboratory confirmation can be achieved through serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or by detecting the virus using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Treatment

The mainstay of treatment for Argentine hemorrhagic fever is supportive care, including fluid management and treatment of complications. The antiviral drug ribavirin has shown efficacy in reducing mortality if administered early in the course of the disease. Additionally, immune plasma from recovered patients has been used as a therapeutic measure.

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on reducing human contact with the rodent reservoir. This includes improving housing conditions, controlling rodent populations, and educating the public about the risks of exposure. A vaccine, known as the Candid#1 vaccine, has been developed and is used in endemic areas to prevent AHF.

See also

• Arenavirus
• Viral hemorrhagic fever
• Ribavirin
• Candid#1 vaccine

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