Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-produced molecules engineered to mimic the immune system's ability to fight off harmful pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. These antibodies are designed to target specific proteins or antigens on the surface of cancer cells, enabling targeted therapy for cancer treatment. The development and use of monoclonal antibodies in oncology has revolutionized cancer therapy by providing more effective, less toxic treatments for a variety of cancers.

Types

Monoclonal antibodies are classified based on their source, and include mouse, chimeric, humanized, and human antibodies. Each type has distinct characteristics in terms of effectiveness and immunogenicity.

Monoclonal antibodies can work in several ways: by blocking the growth signals of cancer cells, marking cancer cells for destruction by the immune system, delivering cytotoxic agents directly to the tumor, or preventing the formation of blood vessels that supply tumors.

• Tumor: An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division. Tumors can be benign or malignant.
• Human: In the context of monoclonal antibodies, refers to antibodies derived from human sources, designed to reduce immune reactions in patients.
• Mouse: Refers to monoclonal antibodies fully derived from mouse sources, commonly used for research and as precursors for chimeric antibodies.
• Chimeric: Monoclonal antibodies that combine both mouse and human components.
• Humanized: Monoclonal antibodies with human components, developed from mouse antibodies to reduce immune responses.

Human Monoclonal Antibodies

• Adecatumumab – A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and is under investigation for use in cancers such as head and neck cancer.
• Amivantamab – A bispecific monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR and MET, used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
• Ascrinvacumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting a tumor-associated antigen, under clinical investigation for certain cancers.
• Atezolizumab (+hyaluronidase) – A humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks PD-L1, enhancing immune response against cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer and bladder cancer.
• Balstilimab – An anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody that works by inhibiting immune checkpoint signals in cancers like cervical cancer.
• Botensilimab – A monoclonal antibody targeting PD-1, under investigation in combination therapies for various cancers.
• Cixutumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), relevant in the treatment of sarcomas and other cancers.
• Conatumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting the death receptor 5 (DR5), in clinical trials for colorectal cancer and other solid tumors.
• Cosibelimab – An anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody for immunotherapy in cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma.
• Daratumumab – A human monoclonal antibody targeting CD38, used in the treatment of multiple myeloma.
• Drozitumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting DR5, used in various cancer therapies.
• Duligotumab – An antibody that inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and is under investigation for head and neck cancers.
• Dusigitumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR, currently being studied in clinical trials.
• Enfortumab vedotin – A conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting Nectin-4 used for bladder cancer.
• Enoticumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting VEGF, involved in the development of cancer therapies.
• Figitumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting IGF-1R, under investigation for lung cancer.
• Flanvotumab – A monoclonal antibody under study for various cancer types.
• Ganitumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting the IGF-1R pathway, which is important in certain cancers.
• Glembatumumab vedotin – A conjugated antibody targeting glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB), used for breast and other cancers.
• Intetumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting integrin and being tested in clinical trials for multiple cancers.
• Ipilimumab – An anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody that enhances immune response and is used to treat melanoma.
• Iratumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, used for B-cell lymphomas and leukemia.
• Istiratumab – A monoclonal antibody in clinical trials for solid tumors.
• Icrucumab – A monoclonal antibody that targets CXCR4, under investigation for cancer treatment.
• Lexatumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting death receptor 5 (DR5), under investigation for various cancers.
• Linvoseltamab – A monoclonal antibody in clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy.
• Lucatumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting CD40, under investigation for various cancers.
• Mapatumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting DR4, involved in cancer therapy.
• Narnatumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting the IGF-1R, under research for certain cancers.
• Necitumumab – A monoclonal antibody that targets EGFR, used in combination therapies for lung cancer.
• Nesvacumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting VEGF-A, used for cancers like non-small cell lung cancer.
• Nivolumab (+hyaluronidase, +relatlimab) – An anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, used in multiple cancers including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer.
• Ofatumumab – An anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, used for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
• Olaratumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting PDGFR in cancers like soft tissue sarcoma.
• Panitumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR, used for colorectal cancer.
• Patritumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR, under research for non-small cell lung cancer.
• Pembrolizumab – An anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody used for multiple cancers including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer.
• Pritumumab – An experimental monoclonal antibody targeting tumor cells.
• Radretumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR, used in trials for solid tumors.
• Ramucirumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting VEGFR-2, approved for gastric cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.
• Rilotumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting MET receptor, under clinical investigation for cancer.
• Robatumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR in cancer therapies.
• Seribantumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting HER2 in cancers like breast cancer.
• Sugemalimab – A monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1 in clinical trials for various cancers.
• Tarextumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting Notch, under research for cancer.
• Tisotumab vedotin – A conjugated monoclonal antibody used for cervical cancer therapy.
• Teprotumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting IGF-1R used for thyroid eye disease.
• Tovetumab – An investigational monoclonal antibody for various cancer treatments.
• Vantictumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting Wnt signaling, under investigation for cancers like breast cancer.
• Votumumab – An experimental monoclonal antibody targeting tumor-associated antigens.
• Zalutumumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR for head and neck cancer.

Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies

• Abagovomab – A monoclonal antibody under research for ovarian cancer.
• Altumomab pentetate – A monoclonal antibody used in radioimmunotherapy for lymphomas.
• Anatumomab mafenatox – A conjugated monoclonal antibody with cytotoxic properties for cancer treatment.
• Arcitumomab – A monoclonal antibody for colon cancer treatment.
• Bectumomab – A monoclonal antibody used in radioimmunotherapy for cancer.
• Blinatumomab – A bispecific monoclonal antibody used for B-cell leukemia.
• Capromab pendetide – A monoclonal antibody for prostate cancer detection.
• Detumomab – A monoclonal antibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancers.

Chimeric Monoclonal Antibodies

• Amatuximab – A monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR, being studied for non-small cell lung cancer.
• Bavituximab – A monoclonal antibody that targets phosphatidylserine, under investigation in cancer therapy.
• Brentuximab vedotin – A conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting CD30 for the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Carotuximab – A monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR in cancer therapy.

Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies

• Abituzumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting integrin that is under investigation for cancer therapies.
• Alemtuzumab – A monoclonal antibody targeting CD52, used for treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
• Axatilimab – A monoclonal antibody targeting PD-1 receptor for cancer immunotherapy.

Rat/Mouse Hybrid Monoclonal Antibodies

• Catumaxomab – A bispecific monoclonal antibody that targets EpCAM and CD3, used for epithelial cancer therapies.
• Ertumaxomab – A hybrid monoclonal antibody used for various cancer types.

Chimeric + Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies

• Depatuxizumab mafodotin – A conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting EGFR for the treatment of glioblastoma.
• Duvortuxizumab – A chimeric monoclonal antibody targeting HER2.

This article is a medical stub. You can help WikiMD by expanding it!
Most recent articles Ongoing trials	Wikipedia