Oculocutaneous albinism

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Synonyms	OCA
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Oculocutaneous albinism is a form of albinism involving the eyes (oculo-), the skin (-cutaneous), and according to some definitions, the hair.<ref name="urlOculocutaneous albinism - Genetics Home Reference">

Oculocutaneous albinism – Genetics Home Reference(link). '.

</ref> Overall, an estimated 1 in 20,000 people worldwide are born with oculocutaneous albinism.<ref>

Oculocutaneous albinism(link). {{{website}}}.

</ref> OCA is caused by mutations in several genes that control the synthesis of melanin within the melanocytes.<ref>

Orphanet: Oculocutaneous albinism(link). {{{website}}}.

</ref> Four types of oculocutaneous albinism have been described, all caused by a disruption of melanin synthesis and all autosomal recessive disorders.<ref name="pmid17980020">,

 Oculocutaneous albinism, 
 Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 
 2007,
 Vol. 2,
 pp. 43,
 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-43,
 PMID: 17980020,
 PMC: 2211462,</ref><ref name="Andrews">James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.</ref> 

Types

Name	OMIM	Gene	Description
OCA1	203100 606952	TYR	OCA1 is caused by mutations of the tyrosinase gene, and can occur in two variations. The first is OCA1a, and means that the organism cannot synthesize melanin whatsoever.<ref>OCA1A page at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database, Johns Hopkins University</ref> The hair is usually white (often translucent) and the skin very pale. Vision usually ranges from 20/200 to 20/400. The second is OCA1b, which has several subtypes itself.<ref name="OMIM OCA2B">OCA1B page at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database, Johns Hopkins University</ref> Some individuals with OCA1b can tan and also develop pigment in the hair.<ref name="Facts_Albinism">"Facts about Albinism" (archived), by Dr. Richard King et al., 2009</ref> One subtype of OCA1b is called OCA1b TS (temperature sensitive), where the tyrosinase can only function below a certain temperature, which causes the body hair in cooler body regions to develop pigment (i.e. get darker). (An equivalent mutation produces the coat pattern in Siamese cats.<ref>, A tyrosinase gene missense mutation in temperature-sensitive type I oculocutaneous albinism. A human homologue to the Siamese cat and the Himalayan mouse, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 87(Issue: 3), pp. 1119–22, DOI: 10.1172/JCI115075, PMID: 1900309, PMC: 329910,</ref>) Another variant of OCA1b, called Albinism, yellow mutant type is more common among the Amish than in other populations, and results in blonde hair and the eventual development of skin pigmentation during infancy, though at birth is difficult to distinguish from other types.<ref name="OMIM OCA2B" /><ref name="eMedicine2">"Ocular Manifestations of Albinism", by Dr. Mohammed O. Peracha, at eMedicine, 13 September 2005; retrieved 31 March 2007</ref> About 1 in 40,000 people have some form of OCA1.<ref name="eMedicine1">"Albinism", by Dr. Raymond E. Boissy, Dr. James J. Nordlund, et al., at eMedicine, 22 August 2005; retrieved 31 March 2007</ref>
OCA2	203200	OCA2	The most common type of albinism, is caused by mutation of the P gene. People with OCA2 generally have more pigment and better vision than those with OCA1, but cannot tan like some with OCA1b. A little pigment can develop in freckles or moles.<ref name="Facts_Albinism"/> People with OCA2 usually have fair skin but often not as pale as OCA1, and pale blonde to golden, strawberry blonde, or even brown hair, and most commonly blue eyes. Affected people of African descent usually have a different phenotype (appearance): yellow hair, pale skin, and blue, gray or hazel eyes. About 1 in 15,000 people have OCA2.<ref>OCA2 page at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database, Johns Hopkins University</ref><ref name="eMedicine1" /> The gene MC1R doesn't cause OCA2, but does affect its presentation.<ref name="urlOculocutaneous albinism - Genetics Home Reference"/>
OCA3	203290	TYRP1	Has only been partially researched and documented. It is caused by mutation of the tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp1) gene. Cases have been reported in Africa and New Guinea. Affected individuals typically have red hair, reddish-brown skin and blue or gray eyes. Variants may include rufous oculocutaneous albinism (ROCA or xanthism). The incidence rate of OCA3 is unknown.<ref>OCA3 page at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database, Johns Hopkins University</ref><ref name="eMedicine1" />
OCA4	606574	SLC45A2	Is very rare outside Japan, where OCA4 accounts for 24% of albinism cases. OCA4 can only be distinguished from OCA2 through genetic testing, and is caused by mutation of this membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP) gene.<ref>OCA4 page at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database, Johns Hopkins University</ref><ref name="eMedicine1" /> Several German patients were identified in 2004.<ref>, Mutations in the MATP gene in five German patients affected by oculocutaneous albinism type 4, Human Mutation, Vol. 23(Issue: 2), pp. 106–10, DOI: 10.1002/humu.10311, PMID: 14722913,</ref>
OCA5	615312		OCA5 was identified in a Pakistani family with "golden-colored hair, white skin, nystagmus, photophobia, foveal hypoplasia, and impaired visual acuity, regardless of their sex and age". Genetic analysis localized the defect to human chromosome region 4q24, but failed to identify a candidate gene.<ref>OCA5 page at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database, Johns Hopkins University</ref><ref name="Montuliu">, Increasing the complexity: new genes and new types of albinism, Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, Vol. 27(Issue: 1), pp. 11–18, DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12167, PMID: 24066960,</ref>
OCA6	113750	SLC24A5	One of the rarest forms of OCA, OCA6 was detected in Chinese individuals but is not thought to be limited to this ethnicity. It is heterogeneous in its effect of hair color, and results from mutations in the SLC24A5 gene, a membrane transporter that plays a role in pigmentation in a range of vertebrate species.<ref name="Montuliu" /><ref>SHEP4 page at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database, Johns Hopkins University</ref>
OCA7	615179	C10orf11	OCA7 was originally characterized in a family from the Faroe Islands, but was subsequently identified in a Lithuanian patient. It is characterized by lighter pigmentation, and significant effects on the eye, including decreased visual acuity and misrouting of neuronal tracks through the optic chiasm. It is due to mutation of a gene of unknown function, C10orf11 (11th uncharacterized open reading frame on chromosome 10, ).<ref name="Montuliu" /><ref>OCA7 page at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man Database, Johns Hopkins University</ref>

See also

• Piebaldism
• List of skin conditions
• List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer

External links

• Oculocutaneous albinism information at RareDiseases.org
• NCBI Genetic Testing Registry

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