Methylmalonic acidemias

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

Methylmalonic acidemias
Methylmalonic acid structure
Synonyms	MMA
Pronounce
Specialty	Medical genetics, Metabolism
Symptoms	Developmental delay, lethargy, vomiting, failure to thrive
Complications	N/A
Onset	Infancy
Duration	Chronic
Types	Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency, Cobalamin metabolism disorders
Causes	Genetic mutation
Risks	Family history
Diagnosis	Blood test, Urine organic acid test, Genetic testing
Differential diagnosis	Propionic acidemia, Isovaleric acidemia
Prevention	Genetic counseling
Treatment	Vitamin B12 supplementation, Low-protein diet, L-carnitine
Medication	Hydroxocobalamin, Cyanocobalamin
Prognosis	Variable, depends on type and treatment
Frequency	1 in 50,000 to 100,000
Deaths

Methylmalonic acidemias are a group of inherited metabolic disorders characterized by the body's inability to break down certain proteins and fats. This results in the accumulation of methylmalonic acid in the blood and tissues, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of methylmalonic acidemias can vary widely depending on the specific type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms may include vomiting, lethargy, weakness, hypotonia, and developmental delays. In severe cases, affected individuals may experience metabolic crises, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.

Causes

Methylmalonic acidemias are caused by mutations in genes that are involved in the breakdown of certain amino acids and fats. These genetic mutations result in a deficiency of enzymes needed to metabolize these substances, leading to the accumulation of methylmalonic acid in the body.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of methylmalonic acidemias typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, biochemical testing, and genetic testing. Elevated levels of methylmalonic acid in the blood or urine can be indicative of the condition. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific genetic mutations responsible for the disorder.

Treatment

Treatment for methylmalonic acidemias is aimed at managing symptoms and preventing metabolic crises. This may involve dietary restrictions, supplementation with specific nutrients, and in some cases, organ transplantation. Early detection and intervention are crucial in improving outcomes for individuals with this condition.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with methylmalonic acidemias can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. With proper management and treatment, some individuals can lead relatively normal lives. However, severe forms of the disorder can be life-threatening and may require ongoing medical care.

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