Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), is a medical condition wherein the body's own immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys red blood cells, leading to anemia. This condition can be acute or chronic and can range from mild to severe.

Illustration of red blood cells under attack in AIHA.

Overview

AIHA occurs when the body produces antibodies that specifically target its own red blood cells. These antibodies can cause the red blood cells to burst (hemolyze) or can result in their premature removal by the spleen or liver.

Causes

There are a number of reasons why AIHA might develop, including:

• Underlying diseases or conditions, such as lupus or certain types of cancer.
• Certain medications.
• After a viral infection.
• Due to genetic predisposition.
• Unknown causes - termed as idiopathic.

Types of AIHA

AIHA can be categorized based on the temperature at which the antibodies are most active:

• Warm AIHA: This is the most common type, where antibodies act best at body temperature. They can be idiopathic or related to an underlying condition.
• Cold AIHA: Here, antibodies are active at colder temperatures, often triggered after exposure to cold environments.

Symptoms

Patients with AIHA might exhibit various symptoms, including:

• Fatigue and weakness.
• Pale or yellowish skin.
• Dark urine.
• Rapid heartbeat or shortness of breath.
• Enlarged spleen.

Treatment

The treatment for AIHA often involves:

• Stopping any medication causing the anemia.
• Corticosteroids to suppress the immune response.
• Immune suppression drugs.
• Blood transfusions in severe cases.
• Surgical removal of the spleen in some situations.

See Also

• Anemia
• Immune System Disorders
• Blood Disorders

References

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• Mayo Clinic - AIHA
• MedlinePlus - AIHA

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