Protein–energy malnutrition

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Protein–energy malnutrition
Synonyms	Protein–calorie malnutrition
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Stunted growth, wasting, edema, irritability, anorexia, dermatosis
Complications	Infection, anemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, heart failure
Onset	Typically in children under 5 years
Duration	Can be acute or chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, chronic illness
Risks	Poverty, famine, war, natural disaster
Diagnosis	Clinical assessment, anthropometry, biochemical tests
Differential diagnosis	Micronutrient deficiency, chronic disease, congenital disorder
Prevention	Adequate nutrition, breastfeeding, food security
Treatment	Nutritional rehabilitation, therapeutic feeding, treatment of infections
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Varies; better with early intervention
Frequency	Common in low-income countries
Deaths	N/A

Global DALY rates for protein-energy malnutrition, WHO 2004

Global deaths per million persons due to protein-energy malnutrition, WHO 2012

Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) is a form of malnutrition that is characterized by a deficiency in dietary protein and/or energy (calories). The condition is most common in children in developing countries, but can also affect adults under certain circumstances.

Causes

PEM is primarily caused by a diet that lacks sufficient protein and/or energy. This can occur in regions where food is scarce, or where the diet is heavily based on staple foods that are low in protein and other essential nutrients. Other factors that can contribute to PEM include disease, infection, and poor digestive or absorptive function.

Types

There are two main types of PEM: kwashiorkor and marasmus. Kwashiorkor is characterized by a severe protein deficiency, while marasmus is characterized by a severe deficiency in both protein and energy. A third type, known as marasmic kwashiorkor, features characteristics of both conditions.

Symptoms

Symptoms of PEM can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but may include weight loss, muscle wasting, edema, and changes in skin and hair color. In severe cases, PEM can lead to stunted growth, mental retardation, and even death.

Treatment

Treatment for PEM typically involves the gradual reintroduction of protein and energy into the diet. This is often done under medical supervision to prevent refeeding syndrome, a potentially fatal condition that can occur when malnourished individuals are fed too quickly.

Prevention

Prevention of PEM involves ensuring adequate intake of protein and energy, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. This can be achieved through dietary diversification, food fortification, and supplementation.

See also

• Malnutrition
• Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus
• Refeeding syndrome

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