Marasmus

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

Marasmus
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Severe weight loss, muscle wasting, stunted growth, weakness
Complications	Infection, dehydration, hypothermia, hypoglycemia
Onset	Gradual
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Malnutrition, caloric deficiency
Risks	Poverty, famine, inadequate food supply
Diagnosis	Clinical assessment, anthropometric measurements
Differential diagnosis	Kwashiorkor, failure to thrive, anorexia nervosa
Prevention	Adequate nutrition, food security
Treatment	Nutritional rehabilitation, oral rehydration therapy, treatment of infections
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depends on severity and treatment
Frequency	Common in developing countries
Deaths	N/A

Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition, marked by significant weight loss, depletion of muscle and subcutaneous fat, and an overall emaciated appearance. It is primarily caused by a chronic deficiency in calories and proteins<ref>

Kwashiorkor and marasmus are both associated with impaired glucose clearance related to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction(link). National Institutes of Health.

Accessed 2023-06-21.

</ref>.

Japanese nurse with dependent children having typical appearance of malnutrition, New Bilibid Prison, September-October 1945

Causes

Marasmus usually arises from a stark deficit in overall caloric intake. This shortage is often associated with poverty, limited food supply, or a lack of knowledge about proper nutrition. It's also common in infants and young children, particularly in regions where malnutrition is prevalent.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with marasmus appear extremely thin and wasted with nearly all fat stores depleted. They often display signs of chronic hunger and dehydration. Mental changes such as irritability and apathy may be observed. Immune function is typically compromised, leading to susceptibility to infections<ref>

Malnutrition and the Role of Nutritional Support for the Hospitalized Patient(link). National Institutes of Health.

Accessed 2023-06-21.

</ref>.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and patient history. Laboratory tests may be used to confirm malnutrition and rule out other conditions. The mainstay of treatment is the gradual reintroduction of balanced, nutrient-rich foods. Care must be taken to manage 'refeeding syndrome,' a potentially dangerous shift in fluids and electrolytes that can occur when malnourished patients receive artificial refeeding<ref>

Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it(link). National Institutes of Health.

Accessed 2023-06-21.

</ref>. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention

Prevention of marasmus involves ensuring adequate nutrition, particularly in regions where food supply may be unstable. Education on balanced diets and early recognition of malnutrition signs are crucial.

References

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