Chg: Difference between revisions

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{{PAGENAME}} - chromogranins are acidic secretory glycoproteins with a widespread but specific distribution in neuroendocrine tissues. The chromogranin family is heterogenous, consisting of propeptides such as chromogranin-a, chromogranin-b and secretogranin ii, which can either elicit an effect themselves, or serve as precursors to a large number of peptides, which are biologically more active.
{{Infobox medical condition
{{med-stub}}
| name = Congenital Heart Disease
{{dictionary-stub2}}
| image = Heart_diagram-en.svg
{{short-articles-ni}}
| caption = Diagram of the human heart
| field = [[Cardiology]]
| symptoms = [[Cyanosis]], [[shortness of breath]], [[fatigue]], [[heart murmur]]
| complications = [[Heart failure]], [[arrhythmias]], [[endocarditis]]
| onset = At birth
| duration = Lifelong
| causes = Genetic and environmental factors
| risks = Family history, maternal diabetes, maternal alcohol use
| diagnosis = [[Echocardiogram]], [[chest X-ray]], [[MRI]]
| treatment = [[Surgery]], [[medication]], [[catheter-based procedures]]
| frequency = 1 in 100 births
}}
 
'''Congenital Heart Disease''' (CHD) refers to a range of birth defects that affect the normal workings of the heart. These defects can involve the interior walls of the heart, the heart valves, or the large blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart. CHD is the most common type of birth defect, affecting approximately 1 in 100 live births.
 
==Classification==
Congenital heart defects are classified based on the specific structural abnormalities present. The main categories include:
 
===Cyanotic Defects===
Cyanotic heart defects result in a decrease in the amount of oxygen delivered to the body, leading to [[cyanosis]], a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and nail beds. Common cyanotic defects include:
* [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
* [[Transposition of the great arteries]]
* [[Tricuspid atresia]]
 
===Acyanotic Defects===
Acyanotic heart defects do not typically cause cyanosis but can lead to other complications such as heart failure. Examples include:
* [[Ventricular septal defect]] (VSD)
* [[Atrial septal defect]] (ASD)
* [[Patent ductus arteriosus]] (PDA)
 
==Causes==
The exact cause of congenital heart disease is often unknown, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some known risk factors include:
* [[Genetic syndromes]] such as [[Down syndrome]]
* Maternal conditions like [[diabetes]] and [[rubella]] infection during pregnancy
* Exposure to certain medications or substances during pregnancy
 
==Symptoms==
Symptoms of congenital heart disease can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the defect. Common symptoms include:
* [[Cyanosis]]
* [[Shortness of breath]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Heart murmur]]
* Poor feeding and growth in infants
 
==Diagnosis==
Diagnosis of congenital heart disease typically involves a combination of physical examination and diagnostic tests. These may include:
* [[Echocardiogram]]: An ultrasound of the heart to visualize its structure and function
* [[Chest X-ray]]: To assess the size and shape of the heart and lungs
* [[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]] (MRI): Provides detailed images of the heart's anatomy
* [[Cardiac catheterization]]: Invasive procedure to measure pressures and oxygen levels in the heart chambers
 
==Treatment==
Treatment for congenital heart disease depends on the specific defect and its severity. Options include:
 
===Surgical Intervention===
Many congenital heart defects require surgical correction. Common procedures include:
* [[Open-heart surgery]] to repair or replace heart valves or close septal defects
* [[Arterial switch operation]] for transposition of the great arteries
 
===Catheter-Based Procedures===
Less invasive than surgery, these procedures use catheters to repair defects:
* [[Balloon angioplasty]] to open narrowed blood vessels
* [[Device closure]] of septal defects
 
===Medication===
Medications may be used to manage symptoms or prevent complications:
* [[Diuretics]] to reduce fluid overload
* [[Beta-blockers]] to control heart rate
 
==Prognosis==
The prognosis for individuals with congenital heart disease varies widely. Advances in medical and surgical treatment have significantly improved outcomes, allowing many individuals to lead normal, active lives. However, lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist is often necessary.
 
==Prevention==
While not all cases of congenital heart disease can be prevented, certain measures can reduce risk:
* Prenatal care and screening
* Avoidance of alcohol and certain medications during pregnancy
* Management of maternal health conditions
 
==See Also==
* [[Pediatric cardiology]]
* [[Heart development]]
* [[Congenital disorder]]
 
{{Cardiology}}
{{Congenital disorders}}
 
[[Category:Congenital heart disease]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders]]

Latest revision as of 17:19, 1 January 2025

Congenital Heart Disease
Heart_diagram-en.svg
Synonyms N/A
Pronounce N/A
Specialty N/A
Symptoms Cyanosis, shortness of breath, fatigue, heart murmur
Complications Heart failure, arrhythmias, endocarditis
Onset At birth
Duration Lifelong
Types N/A
Causes Genetic and environmental factors
Risks Family history, maternal diabetes, maternal alcohol use
Diagnosis Echocardiogram, chest X-ray, MRI
Differential diagnosis N/A
Prevention N/A
Treatment Surgery, medication, catheter-based procedures
Medication N/A
Prognosis N/A
Frequency 1 in 100 births
Deaths N/A


Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) refers to a range of birth defects that affect the normal workings of the heart. These defects can involve the interior walls of the heart, the heart valves, or the large blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart. CHD is the most common type of birth defect, affecting approximately 1 in 100 live births.

Classification[edit]

Congenital heart defects are classified based on the specific structural abnormalities present. The main categories include:

Cyanotic Defects[edit]

Cyanotic heart defects result in a decrease in the amount of oxygen delivered to the body, leading to cyanosis, a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and nail beds. Common cyanotic defects include:

Acyanotic Defects[edit]

Acyanotic heart defects do not typically cause cyanosis but can lead to other complications such as heart failure. Examples include:

Causes[edit]

The exact cause of congenital heart disease is often unknown, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some known risk factors include:

Symptoms[edit]

Symptoms of congenital heart disease can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the defect. Common symptoms include:

Diagnosis[edit]

Diagnosis of congenital heart disease typically involves a combination of physical examination and diagnostic tests. These may include:

Treatment[edit]

Treatment for congenital heart disease depends on the specific defect and its severity. Options include:

Surgical Intervention[edit]

Many congenital heart defects require surgical correction. Common procedures include:

Catheter-Based Procedures[edit]

Less invasive than surgery, these procedures use catheters to repair defects:

Medication[edit]

Medications may be used to manage symptoms or prevent complications:

Prognosis[edit]

The prognosis for individuals with congenital heart disease varies widely. Advances in medical and surgical treatment have significantly improved outcomes, allowing many individuals to lead normal, active lives. However, lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist is often necessary.

Prevention[edit]

While not all cases of congenital heart disease can be prevented, certain measures can reduce risk:

  • Prenatal care and screening
  • Avoidance of alcohol and certain medications during pregnancy
  • Management of maternal health conditions

See Also[edit]



Cardiovascular disease A-Z

Most common cardiac diseases

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Congenital Disorders
General
By system
Chromosomal
See also
This congenital disorder related article is a stub.
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