Congenital heart defects

Congenital heart defects (pronunciation: /kənˈjenɪtəl hɑːrt dɪˈfekts/) are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. These defects can involve the interior walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the arteries and veins that carry blood to the heart or the body.

Etymology

The term "congenital" is derived from the Latin word "congenitus," which means "born with." The term "heart defect" refers to an abnormality in the structure of the heart.

Types of Congenital Heart Defects

There are many types of congenital heart defects. Some of the most common include:

• Atrial septal defect (ASD)
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
• Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
• Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
• Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
• Coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)

Causes

The exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown. However, certain genetic and environmental factors may play a role. These include:

• Genetic disorders such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome
• Maternal exposure to certain substances during pregnancy, such as some prescription and over-the-counter medications, alcohol, and certain infections
• Maternal health conditions, such as diabetes or phenylketonuria

Treatment

Treatment for congenital heart defects depends on the type and severity of the defect. Some mild defects require no treatment, while others may require medications, procedures, or heart surgery.

Related Terms

• Cardiology - the study of the heart and its diseases
• Cardiologist - a doctor who specializes in treating heart diseases
• Pediatric cardiologist - a doctor who specializes in treating heart diseases in children

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