Hyponatremia

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Hyponatremia
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Nausea, headache, confusion, seizures, coma
Complications	Cerebral edema, brain herniation
Onset	Sudden or gradual
Duration	Varies
Types	N/A
Causes	Excessive water intake, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Risks	Elderly, hospitalized patients, endurance athletes
Diagnosis	Blood test showing low serum sodium
Differential diagnosis	Hypernatremia, pseudohyponatremia, hypovolemia
Prevention	Fluid restriction, medication review
Treatment	Fluid restriction, intravenous saline, medications such as vasopressin receptor antagonists
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Depends on cause and severity
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Hyponatremia refers to a medical condition characterized by a low concentration of sodium (Na^+) in the blood plasma. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of blood pressure, and proper functioning of the nervous and muscular systems.

Overview of Sodium and its Role

Sodium is the primary positive ion (cation) in the extracellular fluid of the body, and it is vital for maintaining the osmotic balance and acid-base balance within the body. Sodium is involved in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and cardiac function.

Causes of Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia can arise from several conditions, which may result in an imbalance between water and sodium in the body. These can include excessive water intake, renal failure, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and certain medications such as diuretics. Syndromes of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) can also lead to this condition.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The symptoms of hyponatremia can vary depending on the severity and acuteness of the condition. Mild chronic hyponatremia might not show any symptoms, while acute or severe hyponatremia can cause headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, coma, and even death in extreme cases. The diagnosis of hyponatremia involves laboratory tests that measure the concentration of sodium in the blood. This is usually a part of a comprehensive metabolic panel or basic metabolic panel.

Treatment and Management

The treatment of hyponatremia typically involves addressing the underlying cause. Depending on the cause and severity, treatment options may include modifications in diet, discontinuation or adjustment of certain medications, intravenous saline, medication to manage symptoms, or hormone therapy.

Prognosis

With appropriate and timely treatment, most patients with hyponatremia can expect a good prognosis. However, chronic and severe cases of hyponatremia may lead to irreversible neurological damage, hence early detection and treatment are crucial.

See Also

• Electrolyte imbalance
• Water-electrolyte imbalance
• Hypernatremia
• SIADH

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