Talaromycosis

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Talaromycosis
Synonyms	Penicilliosis, Penicilliosis marneffei
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	Infectious disease
Symptoms	Fever, cough, weight loss, skin lesions
Complications	Disseminated infection, organ failure
Onset	Gradual
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Talaromyces marneffei infection
Risks	HIV/AIDS, immunosuppression, travel to endemic areas
Diagnosis	Culture, histopathology, PCR
Differential diagnosis	Histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, cryptococcosis
Prevention	Antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk individuals
Treatment	Antifungal medications such as itraconazole, amphotericin B
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depends on immune status and treatment
Frequency	Endemic in Southeast Asia, rare elsewhere
Deaths	N/A

Other names: Penicilliosis

Definition

Talaromycosis is an infection caused by the fungus Talaromyces marneffei.

Cause

The name of the fungus and the name of the infection have changed. T. marneffei used to be called Penicillium marneffei, and talaromycosis used to be called penicilliosis.

Geographic distribution

Talaromycosis only affects people who live in or visit Southeast Asia, southern China, or eastern India.

Risk factors

Most people who get talaromycosis have a medical condition that weakens their immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, or another condition that lowers the body’s ability to fight germs and sickness.

Symptoms

Bumps on the skin are a common symptom. These bumps are usually small and painless. The bumps usually appear on the face and neck but can also appear in other places on the body. Other symptoms include:

• Fever
• General discomfort
• Weight loss
• Cough
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Difficulty breathing
• Swelling of the liver and spleen
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain

Talaromycosis may affect people living with HIV differently than people who do not have HIV. In people with HIV, talaromycosis is more likely to spread through the blood and affect the whole body. In people who do not have HIV, talaromycosis commonly affects the lungs, liver, and mouth, although sometimes it spreads through the blood and affects the whole body. In people with HIV, skin bumps due to talaromycosis usually have a small dent in the center. 5,7 In people who do not have HIV, these bumps are more likely to appear smooth. Talaromycosis is also more likely to cause fever and swelling of the spleen in people who have HIV. The fungus can make people sick weeks to years after they come in contact with it.

Risk and Prevention

Who gets talaromycosis?

Talaromycosis only affects people who live in or visit Southeast Asia, southern China, or eastern India. 2 Healthy people rarely get talaromycosis. Most people who get talaromycosis have a medical condition that weakens their immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, or another condition such as:

• Cancer
• Organ transplant
• Adult-onset immunodeficiency syndrome
• Other autoimmune diseases

Young farmers in certain parts of Southeast Asia, southern China, or eastern India appear to be more likely to get talaromycosis.

How can I prevent talaromycosis?

A healthcare provider might prescribe medicine to prevent talaromycosis for people who have a condition that weakens their immune system and who live in places where the fungus is present. Itraconazole is the most commonly used medicine to prevent talaromycosis, but healthcare providers also can prescribe other antifungal medicines.

Sources

Scientists believe that people get talaromycosis after breathing in T. marneffei from the environment.