The Spermatozoön

Anatomy>Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body > I. Embryology > 3.The Spermatozoon Henry Gray (1821–1865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.

The Spermatozoon

A spermatozoon (pronounced , alternate spelling spermatozoön; plural spermatozoa; from Ancient Greek: σπέρμα

("seed") and Ancient Greek: ζῷον
("living being")) is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete. A spermatozoon joins an ovum to form a zygote. (A zygote is a single cell, with a complete set of chromosomes, that normally develops into an embryo.)

Sperm cells contribute approximately half of the nuclear genetic information to the diploid offspring (excluding, in most cases, mitochondrial DNA). In mammals, the sex of the offspring is determined by the sperm cell: a spermatozoon bearing a X chromosome will lead to a female (XX) offspring, while one bearing a Y chromosome will lead to a male (XY) offspring. Sperm cells were first observed in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's laboratory in 1677.<ref> ,

 Timeline: Assisted reproduction and birth control Full text, 
 CBC News,

</ref>

Humans

The human sperm cell is the reproductive cell in males and will only survive in warm environments; once it leaves the male body the sperm's survival likelihood is reduced and it may die, thereby decreasing the total sperm quality. Sperm cells come in two types, "female" and "male". Sperm cells that give rise to female (XX) offspring after fertilization differ in that they carry an X-chromosome, while sperm cells that give rise to male (XY) offspring carry a Y-chromosome.

A human sperm cell consists of a flat, disc shaped head 5.1 µm by 3.1 µm and a tail 50 µm long.<ref>Smith, D.J.,

 Human sperm accumulation near surfaces: a simulation study, 
 Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 
 2009,
 Vol. 621,
 
 DOI: 10.1017/S0022112008004953,
 
 
 
 Full text,</ref> The tail flagellates, which propels the sperm cell (at about 1–3 mm/minute in humans) by whipping in an elliptical cone.<ref>, 
 Flagellar movement of human spermatozoa, 
 Gamete Research, 
 1986,
 Vol. 13(Issue: 3),
 pp. 185–197,
 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120130302,</ref> Sperm have an olfactory  guidance mechanism, and after reaching the Fallopian tubes, must undergo a period of capacitation before penetration of the ovum.<ref>Laura Giojalas.Sperm guidance in mammals  Nature Reviews: molecular cell biology. May, 2006</ref>

Head

It has a compact nucleus with only chromatic substance and is surrounded by only a thin rim of cytoplasm. Above the nucleus lies a cap-like structure called the acrosome, formed by modification of the Golgi body, which secretes the enzyme spermlysin (hyaluronidase, corona-penetrating enzyme, zona eyesin, or aerosin), that are necessary for fertilization. The acrosomal region experiment the acrosomal reaction, it consists in the fusion of the sperm plasma membrane with the outer acrosomal membrane.<ref>,

 La reacción acrosómica del espermatozoide: avances recientes, 
 Revista Internacional de Andrología, 
 
 Vol. 5(Issue: 4),
 pp. 368–373,
 DOI: 10.1016/S1698-031X(07)74086-4,</ref> On the surface of the head lies a decapacitating substance which is removed before fertilisation.

Neck

It is the smallest part (0.03 ×10⁻⁶ m), and has a proximal centriole parallel to the base of the nucleus and distal centriole perpendicular to the previous one. The proximal centriole is present also in the mature spermatozoon; the distal centriole disappears after axoneme assembly. The proximal centriole enters into the egg during fertilisation and starts the first cleavage division of the egg, which has no centriole. The distal centriole gives rise to the axial filament which forms the tail and has a (9+2) arrangement. A transitory membrane called the Manchette lies in the middle piece.

Middle piece

It has 10–14 spirals of mitochondria surrounding the axial filament in the cytoplasm. It provides motility, and hence is called the powerhouse of the sperm. It also has a ring centriole (annulus) that form a diffusion barrier between the middle piece and the principal piece and serve as a stabilizing structure for tail rigidity.<ref>

sperm annulus | SGD(link). www.yeastgenome.org.

Accessed 2019-02-22.

</ref>

Tail

It is the longest part (50×10⁻⁶ m), having an axial filament surrounded by cytoplasm and plasma membrane, but at the posterior end the axial filament is naked. It is push mechanism.

Semen has an alkaline nature and the spermatozoa do not reach full motility (hypermotility) until they reach the vagina, where the alkaline pH is neutralized by acidic vaginal fluids. This gradual process takes 20–30 minutes. During this period, fibrinogen from the seminal vesicles forms a clot, securing and protecting the sperm. Just as they become hypermotile, fibrinolysin from the prostate gland dissolves the clot, allowing the sperm to progress optimally.

The spermatozoon is characterized by a minimum of cytoplasm and the most densely packed DNA known in eukaryotes. Compared to mitotic chromosomes in somatic cells, sperm DNA is at least sixfold more highly condensed.<ref name="Ward">,

 DNA packaging and organization in mammalian spermatozoa: comparison with somatic cells, 
 Biology of Reproduction, 
 1991,
 Vol. 44(Issue: 4),
 pp. 569–74,
 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod44.4.569,
 PMID: 2043729,</ref>

The specimen contributes with DNA/chromatin, a centriole, and perhaps also an oocyte-activating factor (OAF).<ref name=barroso>Gerardo Barroso, M.D., M.Sc.a, Carlos Valdespin, M.D.a, Eva Vega, M.Sc.a, Ruben Kershenovich, M.D.a, Rosaura Avila, B.Sc.a, Conrado Avendaño, M.D.b, Sergio Oehninger, M.D., Ph.D.b. Developmental sperm contributions: fertilization and beyond Fertility and Sterility, Volume 92, Issue 3, Pages 835-848 (September 2009)</ref> It may also contribute with paternal messenger RNA (mRNA), also contributing to embryonic development.<ref name=barroso/>

• 
  Electron micrograph of human spermatozoa magnified 3140 times.
• 
  Sperm cells in the urine sample of a 45-year-old male patient who is being followed with the diagnosis of benign prostate hyperplasia.
• 
  Dimensions of the human sperm head measured from a 39 year-old healthy subject.

The human spermatozoon contains at least 7500 different proteins.<ref>,

 The combined human sperm proteome: Cellular pathways and implications for basic and clinical science, 
 Human Reproduction Update, 
 2013,
 Vol. 20(Issue: 1),
 pp. 40–62,
 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt046,
 PMID: 24082039,</ref>

Human sperm genetics has been associated with human evolution, per a 2020 study.<ref>https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(19)31377-7.pdf</ref><ref>https://phys.org/news/2020-01-scanning-sperm-human-evolution.html</ref><ref>https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/genetic-scanning-system-in-sperm-may-control-rate-of-human-evolution-1028840950</ref>

Human sperm under microscope

Spermatozoa production in mammals

Main article: Spermatogenesis

Spermatozoa are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes in a process called spermatogenesis. Round cells called spermatogonia divide and differentiate eventually to become spermatozoa. During copulation the cloaca or vagina gets inseminated, and then the spermatozoa move through chemotaxis to the ovum inside a Fallopian tube or the uterus.

Artificial storage

Spermatozoa can be stored in diluents such as the Illini Variable Temperature (IVT) diluent, which have been reported to be able to preserve high fertility of spermatozoa for over seven days.<ref name=Watson1993>,

 The potential impact of sperm encapsulation technology on the importance of timing of artificial insemination: A perspective in the light of published work, 
 Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 
 1993,
 Vol. 5(Issue: 6),
 pp. 691–9,
 DOI: 10.1071/RD9930691,
 PMID: 9627729,</ref> The IVT diluent is composed of several salts, sugars and antibacterial agents and gassed with CO2.<ref name=Watson1993/>

Semen cryopreservation can be used for far longer storage durations. For human spermatozoa, the longest reported successful storage with this method is 21 years.<ref>Planer NEWS and Press Releases > Child born after 21 year semen storage using Planer controlled rate freezer 14/10/2004</ref>

External links

• Slower conception 'leads to boys'
• Human Sperm Under a Microscope

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