Kounis syndrome: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Kounis syndrome | |||
| synonyms = Allergic angina, allergic myocardial infarction | |||
| field = [[Cardiology]], [[Allergy and Immunology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[rash]], [[anaphylaxis]] | |||
| complications = [[Myocardial infarction]], [[cardiac arrest]] | |||
| onset = Sudden | |||
| duration = Variable | |||
| causes = [[Allergic reaction]], [[anaphylaxis]], [[mast cell]] activation | |||
| risks = [[Allergies]], [[atopy]], exposure to [[allergens]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Electrocardiogram]], [[blood test]] for [[cardiac biomarkers]], [[allergy testing]] | |||
| differential = [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[myocarditis]], [[pericarditis]] | |||
| prevention = Avoidance of known [[allergens]], [[antihistamines]], [[corticosteroids]] | |||
| treatment = [[Antihistamines]], [[corticosteroids]], [[epinephrine]], [[beta-blockers]], [[calcium channel blockers]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, depends on severity and treatment | |||
| frequency = Rare | |||
}} | |||
'''Kounis syndrome''' is a medical condition characterized by the concurrent occurrence of [[cardiac]] symptoms and [[anaphylaxis]], a severe allergic reaction. This syndrome is named after Nicholas G. Kounis, a Greek cardiologist who first described the condition in 1991. | '''Kounis syndrome''' is a medical condition characterized by the concurrent occurrence of [[cardiac]] symptoms and [[anaphylaxis]], a severe allergic reaction. This syndrome is named after Nicholas G. Kounis, a Greek cardiologist who first described the condition in 1991. | ||
==Etiology== | ==Etiology== | ||
The exact cause of Kounis syndrome is not fully understood. However, it is believed to be triggered by the release of inflammatory mediators during an allergic reaction. These mediators can cause coronary artery spasm or atheromatous plaque rupture, leading to [[myocardial infarction]] or heart attack. | The exact cause of Kounis syndrome is not fully understood. However, it is believed to be triggered by the release of inflammatory mediators during an allergic reaction. These mediators can cause coronary artery spasm or atheromatous plaque rupture, leading to [[myocardial infarction]] or heart attack. | ||
==Types== | ==Types== | ||
There are three types of Kounis syndrome: | There are three types of Kounis syndrome: | ||
* '''Type I''': This is the most common type and occurs in individuals with no pre-existing coronary artery disease. The allergic reaction causes a coronary artery spasm, leading to symptoms of a heart attack. | * '''Type I''': This is the most common type and occurs in individuals with no pre-existing coronary artery disease. The allergic reaction causes a coronary artery spasm, leading to symptoms of a heart attack. | ||
* '''Type II''': This type occurs in individuals with pre-existing [[atherosclerosis]], a condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a build-up of plaque. The allergic reaction can cause a rupture of the atheromatous plaque, leading to a heart attack. | * '''Type II''': This type occurs in individuals with pre-existing [[atherosclerosis]], a condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a build-up of plaque. The allergic reaction can cause a rupture of the atheromatous plaque, leading to a heart attack. | ||
* '''Type III''': This is the rarest type and occurs in individuals with coronary artery stents. The allergic reaction can cause a clot to form in the stent, leading to a heart attack. | * '''Type III''': This is the rarest type and occurs in individuals with coronary artery stents. The allergic reaction can cause a clot to form in the stent, leading to a heart attack. | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
The symptoms of Kounis syndrome are a combination of allergic reaction and heart attack symptoms. These may include [[chest pain]], difficulty breathing, [[hives]], low blood pressure, and loss of consciousness. | The symptoms of Kounis syndrome are a combination of allergic reaction and heart attack symptoms. These may include [[chest pain]], difficulty breathing, [[hives]], low blood pressure, and loss of consciousness. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Diagnosis of Kounis syndrome can be challenging as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. It is often diagnosed based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. [[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG) and blood tests can help confirm the diagnosis. | Diagnosis of Kounis syndrome can be challenging as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. It is often diagnosed based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. [[Electrocardiogram]] (ECG) and blood tests can help confirm the diagnosis. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Treatment of Kounis syndrome involves managing both the allergic reaction and the heart attack. This may include medications to treat the allergic reaction, such as [[antihistamines]] and [[corticosteroids]], and medications to treat the heart attack, such as [[nitroglycerin]] and [[beta-blockers]]. | Treatment of Kounis syndrome involves managing both the allergic reaction and the heart attack. This may include medications to treat the allergic reaction, such as [[antihistamines]] and [[corticosteroids]], and medications to treat the heart attack, such as [[nitroglycerin]] and [[beta-blockers]]. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis of Kounis syndrome depends on the severity of the allergic reaction and the heart attack. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most individuals can recover fully. | The prognosis of Kounis syndrome depends on the severity of the allergic reaction and the heart attack. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most individuals can recover fully. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Coronary artery disease]] | * [[Coronary artery disease]] | ||
* [[Myocardial infarction]] | * [[Myocardial infarction]] | ||
* [[Anaphylaxis]] | * [[Anaphylaxis]] | ||
[[Category:Cardiology]] | [[Category:Cardiology]] | ||
[[Category:Allergology]] | [[Category:Allergology]] | ||
[[Category:Syndromes]] | [[Category:Syndromes]] | ||
{{Cardiology}} | {{Cardiology}} | ||
{{Allergology}} | {{Allergology}} | ||
[[Category:Syndromes]] {{stub}} | [[Category:Syndromes]] {{stub}} | ||
{{No image}} | {{No image}} | ||
Latest revision as of 03:51, 4 April 2025
| Kounis syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Allergic angina, allergic myocardial infarction |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, rash, anaphylaxis |
| Complications | Myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest |
| Onset | Sudden |
| Duration | Variable |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, mast cell activation |
| Risks | Allergies, atopy, exposure to allergens |
| Diagnosis | Electrocardiogram, blood test for cardiac biomarkers, allergy testing |
| Differential diagnosis | Acute coronary syndrome, myocarditis, pericarditis |
| Prevention | Avoidance of known allergens, antihistamines, corticosteroids |
| Treatment | Antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, depends on severity and treatment |
| Frequency | Rare |
| Deaths | N/A |
Kounis syndrome is a medical condition characterized by the concurrent occurrence of cardiac symptoms and anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction. This syndrome is named after Nicholas G. Kounis, a Greek cardiologist who first described the condition in 1991.
Etiology[edit]
The exact cause of Kounis syndrome is not fully understood. However, it is believed to be triggered by the release of inflammatory mediators during an allergic reaction. These mediators can cause coronary artery spasm or atheromatous plaque rupture, leading to myocardial infarction or heart attack.
Types[edit]
There are three types of Kounis syndrome:
- Type I: This is the most common type and occurs in individuals with no pre-existing coronary artery disease. The allergic reaction causes a coronary artery spasm, leading to symptoms of a heart attack.
- Type II: This type occurs in individuals with pre-existing atherosclerosis, a condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a build-up of plaque. The allergic reaction can cause a rupture of the atheromatous plaque, leading to a heart attack.
- Type III: This is the rarest type and occurs in individuals with coronary artery stents. The allergic reaction can cause a clot to form in the stent, leading to a heart attack.
Symptoms[edit]
The symptoms of Kounis syndrome are a combination of allergic reaction and heart attack symptoms. These may include chest pain, difficulty breathing, hives, low blood pressure, and loss of consciousness.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis of Kounis syndrome can be challenging as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. It is often diagnosed based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests can help confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment of Kounis syndrome involves managing both the allergic reaction and the heart attack. This may include medications to treat the allergic reaction, such as antihistamines and corticosteroids, and medications to treat the heart attack, such as nitroglycerin and beta-blockers.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis of Kounis syndrome depends on the severity of the allergic reaction and the heart attack. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most individuals can recover fully.
See also[edit]
Cardiovascular disease A-Z
Most common cardiac diseases
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Cardiogenetic disorders
- Cardiomegaly
- Cardiomyopathy
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Chronic rheumatic heart diseases
- Congenital heart defects
- Heart neoplasia
- Ischemic heart diseases
- Pericardial disorders
- Syndromes affecting the heart
- Valvular heart disease
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A[edit]
- Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
- Acute decompensated heart failure
- Arteriosclerotic heart disease
- Athletic heart syndrome
- Atrial flutter
- Atrioventricular fistula
- Cardiovascular disease in Australia
- Autoimmune heart disease
B[edit]
C[edit]
- Ebb Cade
- Cardiac allograft vasculopathy
- Cardiac amyloidosis
- Cardiac asthma
- Cardiac tamponade
- Cardiogenic shock
- Cardiogeriatrics
- Cardiorenal syndrome
- Cardiotoxicity
- Carditis
- Coronary artery aneurysm
- Coronary artery anomaly
- Coronary artery disease
- Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
- Coronary artery ectasia
- Coronary occlusion
- Coronary steal
- Coronary thrombosis
- Coronary vasospasm
- Cœur en sabot
- Coxsackievirus-induced cardiomyopathy
D[edit]
E[edit]
H[edit]
- Heart attack
- Heart failure
- Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- Heart to Heart (1949 film)
- High-output heart failure
- Hyperdynamic precordium
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
I[edit]
- Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis
- Interventricular dyssynchrony
- Intraventricular dyssynchrony
- Isolated atrial amyloidosis
K[edit]
L[edit]
M[edit]
- Mydicar
- Myocardial bridge
- Myocardial disarray
- Myocardial rupture
- Myocardial scarring
- Myocardial stunning
- Myocarditis
N[edit]
O[edit]
P[edit]
- Papillary fibroelastoma
- Pathophysiology of heart failure
- Postpericardiotomy syndrome
- Pulmonary vein stenosis
R[edit]
S[edit]
- Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease
- SCAR-Fc
- Shone's syndrome
- Strain pattern
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis
- Sudden cardiac death of athletes
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
T[edit]
V[edit]
W[edit]
| Allergology | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This allergology-related article is a stub.
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