Childhood obesity

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

Childhood obesity
Synonyms	Pediatric obesity
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Excessive weight gain, fatigue, breathlessness, joint pain
Complications	Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, psychological issues
Onset	Childhood
Duration	Long-term
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetic factors, diet, physical inactivity, environmental factors
Risks	Family history, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet
Diagnosis	Body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile for age and sex
Differential diagnosis	Hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, genetic syndromes
Prevention	Healthy diet, regular physical activity, behavioral interventions
Treatment	Lifestyle changes, dietary modifications, physical activity, medication
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable; risk of adult obesity and associated complications
Frequency	Increasing globally
Deaths	Rarely directly, but associated with increased mortality risk

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
Childhood obesity is a growing health concern characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat that can lead to significant health challenges. Understanding, preventing, and treating this condition is vital for fostering a healthier future generation.

Rethinking Our Dietary Approach Shifting focus from individual blame to understanding the complexities of obesity is crucial. A key factor is insulin resistance, impacting up to 71% of the population, with 35% experiencing metabolic syndrome. Navigating Misinformation The overwhelming presence of over 20,000 books and mixed messages on obesity medicine calls for guidance from experts like Dr Prab R. Tumpati, MD, who can provide clarity on the science and practice of this field. The Downfall of the Food Guide Pyramid The outdated and ineffective food guide pyramid, promoting a low-fat but high-glycemic diet, significantly contributed to increased insulin resistance and, consequently, weight gain. Insulin resistance and weight gain Insulin resistance is a physiological condition where the body's cells become less responsive to the hormone insulin. As insulin not only controls the blood sugar, it also controls the weight! Reducing the overall carbohydrate load and insulin levels is a key underlying concept in many low carbohydrate diets such as the ketogenic diet.

The Blame Game in Obesity Understanding metabolic starvation Weight gain isn't typically intentional. It often stems from the paradox of metabolic starvation in the obese, driven by insulin resistance and resulting in heightened insulin levels. This leads to persistent hunger, cravings, and further weight gain. Stop blaming the victim for obesity!

BMI for age percentiles for boys aged 2 to 20 years.

BMI for age percentiles for girls aged 2 to 20 years.

A visual representation of childhood obesity.

Childhood Obesity journal logo.

Understanding Childhood Obesity

Definition and Diagnosis

While direct measurements of body fat can be challenging to obtain, obesity in both children and adults is frequently determined using the BMI. The World Health Organization (WHO) specifically defines childhood obesity as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children and adolescents of comparable age and gender.

Prevalence

In the realm of pediatrics, obesity has emerged as a pressing concern. It paves the way for various health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. Recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) highlights that the prevalence of childhood and teenage obesity in the United States has amplified over recent decades. As of 2019-2020, around 18.5% of US children and teenagers were classified as obese.

Overweight teenage male

Factors Contributing to Childhood Obesity

Various elements play a role in the rise of childhood obesity:

• Genetics: Some children are genetically predisposed to obesity.
• Physical activity: Sedentary lifestyles can contribute to weight gain.
• Diet: Poor nutritional choices, including excessive intake of high-calorie foods and sugary drinks, contribute significantly.
• Insulin resistance: Insulin resistance can lead to increased fat storage in the body, contributing significantly to weight gain and the development of obesity.

Acanthosis nigricans in the neck (a sign of insulin resistance) that causes significant weight gain

Socioeconomic and Environmental Factors: Limited access to healthy foods and safe spaces for physical activity can be barriers to maintaining a healthy weight. Cultural Influences: Societal norms and values can indirectly promote unhealthy lifestyle choices.

Public Health Implications

Childhood obesity is increasingly seen as a significant public health challenge due to its alarming rise and its association with various health complications. In discussions and interventions, the term "overweight" is often preferred over "obese" for children, as it carries less stigmatizing connotations.

Strategies for Prevention and Treatment

Prevention

Prevention remains the most effective strategy to combat childhood obesity. It involves:

• Promoting healthier eating habits, including increased consumption of fruits and vegetables.
• Reducing intake of sugary beverages and high-calorie snacks.
• Encouraging regular physical activity through organized sports, play, and other avenues.

Treatment

For children already grappling with overweight or obesity:

• A holistic approach, encompassing the child, their family, healthcare professionals, and nutritionists, is beneficial.
• Pharmacological interventions and surgeries are typically reserved for severe cases and always under stringent medical guidance.

Addressing the Stigma

Weight-based stigma can have profound psychological effects. It's imperative to approach the issue of childhood obesity with sensitivity, ensuring that children and their families are treated with dignity and respect.

Gallery

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  Babylon Beersheba]]

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  Baby chambers

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  Obese child at a shopping center in Arad, Israel

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  Another obese child

Summary

Childhood obesity is a multifaceted health challenge that demands comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategies. It is vital for society and health professionals to collaborate, ensuring a healthier future for our children.

References

• Inge TH, Zeller MH, Jenkins TM, et al. Best practices in bariatric surgery for teenagers. 2019;66(1):69-89 Pediatr Clin North Am. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2018.08.005.
• National Primary Care Collaborating Centre. Weight management services for children and adolescents who are overweight or obese. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London, 2010.

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