Coxal Articulation or Hip-joint

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Anatomy > Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body > III. Syndesmology > 7. Articulations of the Lower Extremity > Coxal Articulation or Hip-joint

Coxal Articulation or Hip-joint (Articulatio coxae)

The hip joint, or coxal articulation, is a synovial joint of the ball-and-socket (enarthrodial) type. It connects the lower limb to the pelvis and is formed by the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone.

The joint allows a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction, while also providing significant stability due to its deep socket and strong surrounding ligaments and muscles.

Articulating Surfaces

• The head of the femur is covered with articular cartilage except at the fovea capitis femoris, where the ligamentum teres femoris attaches.
• The acetabulum is a deep, hemispherical cavity of the hip bone formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
• The acetabular surface is incomplete inferiorly due to the presence of the acetabular notch and features the lunate surface, which bears the weight of the body.

Ligaments of the Hip Joint

The joint is stabilized by several strong ligaments:

• Articular capsule (capsula articularis): Encloses the joint and attaches to the acetabulum and neck of femur.
• Iliofemoral ligament (ligamentum iliofemorale): Also known as the Y-ligament or ligament of Bigelow, one of the strongest ligaments in the body. Prevents hyperextension during standing.
• Pubofemoral ligament (ligamentum pubofemorale): Strengthens the capsule inferiorly and anteriorly.
• Ischiofemoral ligament (ligamentum ischiofemorale): Reinforces the posterior aspect of the capsule.
• Ligamentum teres femoris (ligament of head of femur): A weak ligament inside the joint that contains a branch of the obturator artery.
• Acetabular labrum (labrum acetabulare): A fibrocartilaginous rim that deepens the acetabular cavity.
• Transverse acetabular ligament: Bridges the acetabular notch and continues the labrum across the inferior part of the rim.

Synovial Membrane

The synovial membrane lines the inner surface of the capsule, covers the ligamentum teres, and reflects over the acetabular fat pad and acetabular fossa. It may communicate with the iliopsoas bursa.

Muscular Relations

Muscles surrounding the hip joint include:

• Anteriorly: Psoas major, Iliacus
• Posteriorly: Piriformis, Obturator internus, Gemelli, Quadratus femoris
• Laterally: Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus
• Medially: Obturator externus, Pectineus

Blood Supply

The hip joint receives arterial supply from:

• Medial circumflex femoral artery
• Lateral circumflex femoral artery
• Obturator artery
• Superior gluteal artery
• Inferior gluteal artery

Innervation

The joint is innervated by branches of:

• Femoral nerve
• Obturator nerve
• Sciatic nerve
• Superior gluteal nerve
• Nerve to quadratus femoris

Movements

The hip joint allows:

• Flexion – by iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius
• Extension – by gluteus maximus, hamstrings
• Abduction – by gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
• Adduction – by adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis
• Lateral rotation – by obturator externus, piriformis, gluteus maximus
• Medial rotation – by tensor fasciae latae, gluteus minimus

Comparative Anatomy

Compared to the shoulder joint, the hip joint is more stable but less mobile. The deep acetabulum and strong ligaments enhance its load-bearing capacity.

Clinical Significance

• Hip fracture: Common in the elderly, often requiring hip replacement surgery.
• Hip dislocation: Typically caused by trauma, especially in motor vehicle accidents.
• Osteoarthritis of the hip: A degenerative condition causing pain and reduced mobility.
• Avascular necrosis: Disruption of blood supply to the femoral head, leading to joint destruction.

Additional Images

• 
  Hip joint – lateral view
• 
  Anterior thigh muscles related to hip joint
• 
  Hip joint opened from above
• 
  Muscular anatomy around hip joint
• 
  Hip anatomy (frontal view)

See Also

• Hip bone
• Pelvis
• Femur
• Joint
• Synovial joint
• Ligament

External Links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to

Hip_joint

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• Anatomy photo:21:st-2101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
• MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: 002975

• Template:OrthoInfo

Gray's Anatomy

• Gray's Anatomy Contents
• Gray's Anatomy Subject Index
• About Classic Gray's Anatomy
• Glossary of anatomy terms

Anatomy atlases (external)

[1] - Anatomy Atlases

Adapted from the Classic Grays Anatomy of the Human Body 1918 edition (public domain)