Congenital anomalies
Congenital anomalies
Congenital anomalies (pronunciation: /kənˈjenɪtl ˈænəˌmɑːlɪz/), also known as birth defects, are structural or functional anomalies, including metabolic disorders, which are present at the time of birth.
Etymology
The term "congenital" is derived from Latin congenitus, which means "born with" or "existing from birth". "Anomaly" comes from the Greek word anomalía meaning "irregularity" or "deviation".
Definition
Congenital anomalies are a diverse group of disorders of prenatal origin which can be caused by single gene defects, chromosomal disorders, multifactorial inheritance, environmental teratogens and micronutrient deficiencies.
Classification
Congenital anomalies can be classified into two main types: structural anomalies and functional anomalies.
- Structural anomalies are related to a specific part of the body being malformed or missing. This includes congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, and cleft lip or cleft palate.
- Functional anomalies are related to a body system or function not working properly. This includes metabolic disorders and sensory disorders.
Causes
The causes of congenital anomalies can be genetic, environmental, or unknown.
- Genetic causes include single gene defects, chromosomal disorders, and multifactorial inheritance.
- Environmental causes include exposure to certain drugs, chemicals, or infections during pregnancy, which can act as teratogens.
- In many cases, the cause of the congenital anomaly is unknown.
Prevention and Management
Prevention of congenital anomalies includes the control of infectious diseases in the mother, improving maternal nutrition, avoiding exposure to harmful environmental factors, and genetic counseling. Management of congenital anomalies depends on the specific condition and may include surgical intervention, medical treatment, and physical therapy.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Congenital anomalies
- Wikipedia's article - Congenital anomalies
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