Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Lady_windermere_syndrome_ct.JPG|Lady | {{SI}} | ||
{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection | |||
| image = [[File:Lady_windermere_syndrome_ct.JPG|250px]] | |||
| caption = CT scan showing [[Lady Windermere syndrome]] | |||
| field = [[Infectious disease]] | |||
| synonyms = [[Mycobacterium avium complex]] infection, MAC infection | |||
| symptoms = [[Chronic cough]], [[fatigue]], [[weight loss]], [[fever]], [[night sweats]] | |||
| complications = [[Pulmonary disease]], [[disseminated infection]] | |||
| onset = Gradual | |||
| duration = Long-term | |||
| causes = [[Mycobacterium avium complex]] | |||
| risks = [[Immunocompromised]] individuals, [[chronic lung disease]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Sputum culture]], [[chest X-ray]], [[CT scan]] | |||
| differential = [[Tuberculosis]], [[lung cancer]], [[pneumonia]] | |||
| prevention = Avoidance of [[contaminated water]] and [[soil]] | |||
| treatment = [[Antibiotics]] such as [[clarithromycin]], [[azithromycin]], [[ethambutol]], [[rifabutin]] | |||
| prognosis = Variable, depends on immune status and treatment | |||
| frequency = Common in [[HIV/AIDS]] patients | |||
}} | |||
'''Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection''' (MAI or MAC) is an infection caused by two types of [[nontuberculous mycobacteria]]: ''[[Mycobacterium avium]]'' and ''[[Mycobacterium intracellulare]]''. These bacteria are commonly found in the environment, including soil, water, and dust. MAI primarily affects individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with [[HIV/AIDS]], but can also affect individuals with chronic lung diseases. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The bacteria enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. Once inside, they can disseminate to various organs, including the lungs, liver, and spleen. In the lungs, MAI can cause a condition known as [[Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease]], which is characterized by chronic cough, weight loss, and fatigue. | The bacteria enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. Once inside, they can disseminate to various organs, including the lungs, liver, and spleen. In the lungs, MAI can cause a condition known as [[Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease]], which is characterized by chronic cough, weight loss, and fatigue. | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
Symptoms of MAI infection can vary depending on the organs affected but commonly include: | Symptoms of MAI infection can vary depending on the organs affected but commonly include: | ||
| Line 12: | Line 30: | ||
* Fatigue | * Fatigue | ||
* Diarrhea (if the gastrointestinal tract is involved) | * Diarrhea (if the gastrointestinal tract is involved) | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Diagnosis of MAI infection typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. [[Sputum culture]]s, blood tests, and tissue biopsies may be used to identify the presence of ''Mycobacterium avium'' or ''Mycobacterium intracellulare''. [[Chest X-ray]]s or [[CT scan]]s may show characteristic changes in the lungs. | Diagnosis of MAI infection typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. [[Sputum culture]]s, blood tests, and tissue biopsies may be used to identify the presence of ''Mycobacterium avium'' or ''Mycobacterium intracellulare''. [[Chest X-ray]]s or [[CT scan]]s may show characteristic changes in the lungs. | ||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Treatment of MAI infection usually involves a combination of antibiotics over an extended period. Commonly used antibiotics include: | Treatment of MAI infection usually involves a combination of antibiotics over an extended period. Commonly used antibiotics include: | ||
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* [[Ethambutol]] | * [[Ethambutol]] | ||
* [[Rifabutin]] or [[Rifampin]] | * [[Rifabutin]] or [[Rifampin]] | ||
The treatment regimen may last for 12 months or longer, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's response to therapy. | The treatment regimen may last for 12 months or longer, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's response to therapy. | ||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
Preventive measures for MAI infection include avoiding exposure to potential sources of the bacteria, such as untreated water and soil. Individuals with weakened immune systems should take extra precautions to minimize their risk of infection. | Preventive measures for MAI infection include avoiding exposure to potential sources of the bacteria, such as untreated water and soil. Individuals with weakened immune systems should take extra precautions to minimize their risk of infection. | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
The prognosis for individuals with MAI infection varies. Those with compromised immune systems, such as [[HIV/AIDS]] patients, may have a more challenging course of the disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. | The prognosis for individuals with MAI infection varies. Those with compromised immune systems, such as [[HIV/AIDS]] patients, may have a more challenging course of the disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. | ||
==See also== | |||
== | |||
* [[Mycobacterium avium]] | * [[Mycobacterium avium]] | ||
* [[Mycobacterium intracellulare]] | * [[Mycobacterium intracellulare]] | ||
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* [[Rifampin]] | * [[Rifampin]] | ||
[[Category:Infectious diseases]] | [[Category:Infectious diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | ||
| Line 51: | Line 62: | ||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
[[Category:HIV/AIDS]] | [[Category:HIV/AIDS]] | ||
{{Infectious disease}} | {{Infectious disease}} | ||
{{medicine-stub}} | {{medicine-stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 04:07, 8 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | Mycobacterium avium complex infection, MAC infection |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Chronic cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, night sweats |
| Complications | Pulmonary disease, disseminated infection |
| Onset | Gradual |
| Duration | Long-term |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Mycobacterium avium complex |
| Risks | Immunocompromised individuals, chronic lung disease |
| Diagnosis | Sputum culture, chest X-ray, CT scan |
| Differential diagnosis | Tuberculosis, lung cancer, pneumonia |
| Prevention | Avoidance of contaminated water and soil |
| Treatment | Antibiotics such as clarithromycin, azithromycin, ethambutol, rifabutin |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, depends on immune status and treatment |
| Frequency | Common in HIV/AIDS patients |
| Deaths | N/A |
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection (MAI or MAC) is an infection caused by two types of nontuberculous mycobacteria: Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. These bacteria are commonly found in the environment, including soil, water, and dust. MAI primarily affects individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, but can also affect individuals with chronic lung diseases.
Pathophysiology[edit]
The bacteria enter the body through the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. Once inside, they can disseminate to various organs, including the lungs, liver, and spleen. In the lungs, MAI can cause a condition known as Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease, which is characterized by chronic cough, weight loss, and fatigue.
Symptoms[edit]
Symptoms of MAI infection can vary depending on the organs affected but commonly include:
- Chronic cough
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Diarrhea (if the gastrointestinal tract is involved)
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis of MAI infection typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Sputum cultures, blood tests, and tissue biopsies may be used to identify the presence of Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium intracellulare. Chest X-rays or CT scans may show characteristic changes in the lungs.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment of MAI infection usually involves a combination of antibiotics over an extended period. Commonly used antibiotics include:
The treatment regimen may last for 12 months or longer, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's response to therapy.
Prevention[edit]
Preventive measures for MAI infection include avoiding exposure to potential sources of the bacteria, such as untreated water and soil. Individuals with weakened immune systems should take extra precautions to minimize their risk of infection.
Prognosis[edit]
The prognosis for individuals with MAI infection varies. Those with compromised immune systems, such as HIV/AIDS patients, may have a more challenging course of the disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.
See also[edit]
- Mycobacterium avium
- Mycobacterium intracellulare
- Nontuberculous mycobacteria
- HIV/AIDS
- Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease
- Sputum culture
- Chest X-ray
- CT scan
- Clarithromycin
- Azithromycin
- Ethambutol
- Rifabutin
- Rifampin
| Infectious disease and microbiology | ||||||||||||||||
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