Edward Jenner

English physician and scientist who pioneered the smallpox vaccine

Edward Jenner

Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. Jenner is often called "the father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other human".

Early Life and Education

Edward Jenner was born on 17 May 1749 in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, England. He was the eighth of nine children born to the Reverend Stephen Jenner, the vicar of Berkeley, and his wife Sarah. Jenner was orphaned at a young age and was raised by his older brother.

At the age of 14, Jenner was apprenticed to a local surgeon, Mr. Daniel Ludlow, in Chipping Sodbury, where he gained practical experience in medical and surgical procedures. He later studied medicine in London under the renowned surgeon John Hunter, who became a lifelong mentor and friend.

Medical Career

After completing his studies, Jenner returned to Berkeley to practice medicine. He became a successful country doctor and surgeon, known for his gentle manner and dedication to his patients.

Smallpox and the Development of Vaccination

Diagram of smallpox virus

Smallpox was a devastating disease that caused high mortality rates and severe scarring among survivors. Jenner observed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox, a disease similar to smallpox but much milder, seemed to be immune to smallpox. This observation led him to hypothesize that exposure to cowpox could protect against smallpox.

In 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by inoculating a young boy, James Phipps, with material taken from a cowpox sore on the hand of a milkmaid, Sarah Nelmes. Phipps developed a mild fever and discomfort but soon recovered. Later, Jenner exposed Phipps to smallpox, and the boy showed no signs of infection, proving that the cowpox inoculation had provided immunity.

Jenner called this new method "vaccination", derived from the Latin word "vacca" for cow. He published his findings in 1798, and the practice of vaccination quickly spread across Europe and the world.

Later Life and Legacy

Manuscript by Edward Jenner

Jenner continued to practice medicine and conduct research throughout his life. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1789 for his earlier work on the nesting habits of the cuckoo.

Despite initial skepticism and opposition, Jenner's work on vaccination gained widespread acceptance and led to the eventual eradication of smallpox in 1980, as declared by the World Health Organization.

Jenner died on 26 January 1823 at his home in Berkeley. He is remembered as a pioneer of modern medicine and a hero in the fight against infectious diseases.

Related Pages

• Smallpox
• Vaccination
• Immunology
• John Hunter (surgeon)

Gallery

Testimonial to the efficacy of vaccination

Cuckoo bird, subject of Jenner's early research

Certificate of attendance