Inflammatory bowel disease

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Inflammatory bowel disease
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, fatigue
Complications	Bowel obstruction, colon cancer, fistula, abscess
Onset	Usually between ages 15 and 30
Duration	Long term
Types	Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis
Causes	Unknown, possibly genetic and environmental factors
Risks	Family history, smoking, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Diagnosis	Colonoscopy, endoscopy, biopsy, stool test, blood test
Differential diagnosis	Irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, intestinal infection
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, biologics, surgery
Medication	Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, TNF inhibitors
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	1.3 million in the United States
Deaths	Rare, but complications can be fatal

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a broad term that describes conditions characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. * The two most common inflammatory bowel diseases are ulcerative colitis and Crohn‚Äôs disease.
• Inflammation affects the entire digestive tract in Crohn‚Äôs disease and only the large intestine (also called the colon) in ulcerative colitis. * Both illnesses involved an abnormal response to the body‚Äôs immune system and are considered autoimmune diseases.

Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis

• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term for two conditions (Crohn‚Äôs disease and ulcerative colitis) that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
• Prolonged inflammation results in damage to the GI tract.

Some of the differences between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis:

Crohn's Disease vs Colitis ulcerosa

Crohn's disease

• Can affect any part of the GI tract (from the mouth to the anus)‚ÄîMost often it affects the portion of the small intestine before the large intestine/colon.
• Damaged areas appear in patches that are next to areas of healthy tissue
• Inflammation may reach through the multiple layers of the walls of the GI tract

Ulcerative colitis

• Occurs in the large intestine (colon) and the rectum
• Damaged areas are continuous (not patchy) – usually starting at the rectum and spreading further into the colon
• Inflammation is present only in the innermost layer of the lining of the colon

Signs and symptoms of IBD

Some common symptoms are:

• Persistent diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Rectal bleeding/bloody stools
• Weight loss
• Fatigue

Cause

The exact cause of IBD is unknown, but IBD is the result of a defective immune system. A properly functioning immune system attacks foreign organisms, such as viruses and bacteria, to protect the body. In IBD, the immune system responds incorrectly to environmental triggers, which causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. There also appears to be a genetic component—someone with a family history of IBD is more likely to develop this inappropriate immune response.

Diagnosis

IBD is diagnosed using a combination of endoscopy (for Crohn’s disease) or colonoscopy (for ulcerative colitis) and imaging studies, such as contrast radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT). Physicians may also check stool samples to make sure symptoms are not being caused by an infection or run blood tests to help confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Several types of medications may be used to treat IBD: aminosalicylates, corticosteroids (such as prednisone), immunomodulators, and the newest class approved for IBD—the “biologics”. Several vaccinations for patients with IBD are recommended to prevent infections. Severe IBD may require surgery to remove damaged portions of the gastrointestinal tract, but advances in treatment with medications mean that surgery is less common than it was a few decades ago. Since Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis affect different parts of the GI tract, the surgical procedures are different for the two conditions.

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