Glioma: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Glioma | |||
| image = [[File:Glioma.gif]] | |||
| caption = MRI image showing a glioma in the brain | |||
| field = [[Neuro-oncology]] | |||
| symptoms = [[Headache]], [[seizures]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[vision problems]], [[personality changes]] | |||
| complications = [[Brain edema]], [[neurological deficits]] | |||
| onset = Typically in [[adulthood]] | |||
| duration = [[Chronic (medicine)|Chronic]] | |||
| types = [[Astrocytoma]], [[Oligodendroglioma]], [[Ependymoma]] | |||
| causes = [[Genetic mutations]], [[radiation exposure]] | |||
| risks = [[Family history]], [[neurofibromatosis]], [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[MRI]], [[CT scan]], [[biopsy]] | |||
| differential = [[Brain abscess]], [[metastatic brain tumor]], [[meningioma]] | |||
| treatment = [[Surgery]], [[radiation therapy]], [[chemotherapy]] | |||
| medication = [[Temozolomide]], [[Bevacizumab]] | |||
| prognosis = Varies by type and grade | |||
| frequency = 6.6 per 100,000 people per year | |||
| deaths = Approximately 13,000 per year in the United States | |||
}} | |||
Glioma refers to a type of brain tumor that develops from the [[glial cells]], which are specialized cells that surround and support [[neurons]] (nerve cells) in the brain. It is generally classified based on which type of glial cell is involved in the tumor: | Glioma refers to a type of brain tumor that develops from the [[glial cells]], which are specialized cells that surround and support [[neurons]] (nerve cells) in the brain. It is generally classified based on which type of glial cell is involved in the tumor: | ||
[[Image:MRI glioma 28 yr old male.JPG|thumb | [[Image:MRI glioma 28 yr old male.JPG|left|thumb|Low-grade brain glioma in a 28-year-old male. (Taken on 10 July 2007)]] | ||
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== '''Types''' == | == '''Types''' == | ||
Gliomas are classified according to the type of glial cell involved in the tumor, as well as the tumor's genetic features, which can help predict how the tumor will behave over time and the treatments most likely to work. | Gliomas are classified according to the type of glial cell involved in the tumor, as well as the tumor's genetic features, which can help predict how the tumor will behave over time and the treatments most likely to work. | ||
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* '''Ependymomas '''- tumors that arise from ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the center of the spinal cord | * '''Ependymomas '''- tumors that arise from ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the center of the spinal cord | ||
* '''Oligodendrogliomas''' - tumors that affect the oligodendrocytes | * '''Oligodendrogliomas''' - tumors that affect the oligodendrocytes | ||
== '''Cause''' == | == '''Cause''' == | ||
The exact underlying cause is unknown. | The exact underlying cause is unknown. | ||
== '''Risk factors''' == | == '''Risk factors''' == | ||
[[Genetic disorders|Hereditary disorders]] such as [[neurofibromatoses]] (type 1 and type 2) and [[tuberous sclerosis complex]] are known to predispose to their development. | [[Genetic disorders|Hereditary disorders]] such as [[neurofibromatoses]] (type 1 and type 2) and [[tuberous sclerosis complex]] are known to predispose to their development. | ||
===Dietary link=== | ===Dietary link=== | ||
* Some studies of diet and vitamin supplementation seem to indicate that dietary [[N-nitroso]] compounds might influence the risk of both childhood and adult brain tumors. | * Some studies of diet and vitamin supplementation seem to indicate that dietary [[N-nitroso]] compounds might influence the risk of both childhood and adult brain tumors. | ||
* Researchers have observed in some studies that brain tumor patients (or their mothers) have generally consumed more cured foods | * Researchers have observed in some studies that brain tumor patients (or their mothers) have generally consumed more cured foods | ||
===Cell phone use link=== | ===Cell phone use link=== | ||
A link between gliomas and [[electromagnetic radiation]] from [[cell phones]] has not been conclusively proven. | A link between gliomas and [[electromagnetic radiation]] from [[cell phones]] has not been conclusively proven. | ||
Most glioblastomas are infected with [[cytomegalovirus]], which speeds the development of tumors. | Most glioblastomas are infected with [[cytomegalovirus]], which speeds the development of tumors. | ||
== '''Symptoms''' == | == '''Symptoms''' == | ||
The symptoms of glioma vary by tumor type as well as the tumor's size, location and rate of growth. | The symptoms of glioma vary by tumor type as well as the tumor's size, location and rate of growth. | ||
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* Speech difficulties | * Speech difficulties | ||
* [[Seizures]], especially in someone without a history of seizures | * [[Seizures]], especially in someone without a history of seizures | ||
== '''Diagnosis''' == | == '''Diagnosis''' == | ||
* [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) and [[computed tomography]] (CT or CAT scan), which use computers to create detailed images of the brain, are the most common scans used to diagnose brain [[tumors]]. | * [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) and [[computed tomography]] (CT or CAT scan), which use computers to create detailed images of the brain, are the most common scans used to diagnose brain [[tumors]]. | ||
* [[Biopsy]]: This is a procedure to remove a small sample of the tumor for examination under a [[microscope]] | * [[Biopsy]]: This is a procedure to remove a small sample of the tumor for examination under a [[microscope]] | ||
== '''Treatment''' == | == '''Treatment''' == | ||
In general, glioma treatment options include [[surgery]], [[radiation therapy]], [[chemotherapy]], targeted therapy and [https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Glioma experimental clinical trials]. | In general, glioma treatment options include [[surgery]], [[radiation therapy]], [[chemotherapy]], targeted therapy and [https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Glioma experimental clinical trials]. | ||
The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition. | The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition. | ||
* '''[[5-aminolevulinic acid]] '''(Brand name: Gleolan) Optical imaging agent indicated in patients with glioma (suspected [[World Health Organization]] Grades III or IV on preoperative imaging) as an adjunct for the visualization of malignant tissue during surgery. | * '''[[5-aminolevulinic acid]] '''(Brand name: Gleolan) Optical imaging agent indicated in patients with glioma (suspected [[World Health Organization]] Grades III or IV on preoperative imaging) as an adjunct for the visualization of malignant tissue during surgery. | ||
* '''[[Polifeprosan 20 with carmustine]] '''(Brand name: | * '''[[Polifeprosan 20 with carmustine]] '''(Brand name: Gliadel®)Expanding the indication to include patients with malignant glioma undergoing primary surgical resection. | ||
* '''[[Temozolomide]]''' (Brand name: | * '''[[Temozolomide]]''' (Brand name: Temodar®)Treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme concomitantly with [[radiotherapy]] and then as maintenance treatment | ||
{{Nervous tissue tumors}} | {{Nervous tissue tumors}} | ||
{{portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}} | {{portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}} | ||
Revision as of 02:16, 7 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD's medical weight loss NYC, sleep center NYC
Philadelphia medical weight loss and Philadelphia sleep clinics
| Glioma | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Headache, seizures, nausea, vomiting, vision problems, personality changes |
| Complications | Brain edema, neurological deficits |
| Onset | Typically in adulthood |
| Duration | Chronic |
| Types | Astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma, Ependymoma |
| Causes | Genetic mutations, radiation exposure |
| Risks | Family history, neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome |
| Diagnosis | MRI, CT scan, biopsy |
| Differential diagnosis | Brain abscess, metastatic brain tumor, meningioma |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy |
| Medication | Temozolomide, Bevacizumab |
| Prognosis | Varies by type and grade |
| Frequency | 6.6 per 100,000 people per year |
| Deaths | Approximately 13,000 per year in the United States |
Glioma refers to a type of brain tumor that develops from the glial cells, which are specialized cells that surround and support neurons (nerve cells) in the brain. It is generally classified based on which type of glial cell is involved in the tumor:
Types
Gliomas are classified according to the type of glial cell involved in the tumor, as well as the tumor's genetic features, which can help predict how the tumor will behave over time and the treatments most likely to work.
- Astocytoma - tumors that develop from star-shaped glial cells called astrocytes
- Ependymomas - tumors that arise from ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the center of the spinal cord
- Oligodendrogliomas - tumors that affect the oligodendrocytes
Cause
The exact underlying cause is unknown.
Risk factors
Hereditary disorders such as neurofibromatoses (type 1 and type 2) and tuberous sclerosis complex are known to predispose to their development.
Dietary link
- Some studies of diet and vitamin supplementation seem to indicate that dietary N-nitroso compounds might influence the risk of both childhood and adult brain tumors.
- Researchers have observed in some studies that brain tumor patients (or their mothers) have generally consumed more cured foods
Cell phone use link
A link between gliomas and electromagnetic radiation from cell phones has not been conclusively proven. Most glioblastomas are infected with cytomegalovirus, which speeds the development of tumors.
Symptoms
The symptoms of glioma vary by tumor type as well as the tumor's size, location and rate of growth. Common signs and symptoms of gliomas include:
- Headache
- Nausea or vomiting
- Confusion or a decline in brain function
- Memory loss
- Personality changes or irritability
- Difficulty with balance
- Urinary incontinence
- Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision or loss of peripheral vision
- Speech difficulties
- Seizures, especially in someone without a history of seizures
Diagnosis
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT or CAT scan), which use computers to create detailed images of the brain, are the most common scans used to diagnose brain tumors.
- Biopsy: This is a procedure to remove a small sample of the tumor for examination under a microscope
Treatment
In general, glioma treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and experimental clinical trials. The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition.
- 5-aminolevulinic acid (Brand name: Gleolan) Optical imaging agent indicated in patients with glioma (suspected World Health Organization Grades III or IV on preoperative imaging) as an adjunct for the visualization of malignant tissue during surgery.
- Polifeprosan 20 with carmustine (Brand name: Gliadel®)Expanding the indication to include patients with malignant glioma undergoing primary surgical resection.
- Temozolomide (Brand name: Temodar®)Treatment of adult patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme concomitantly with radiotherapy and then as maintenance treatment
| Tumours of the nervous system | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Note: Not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue, and not all nervous tissue tumors are in the brain (see brain metastasis).
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NIH genetic and rare disease info
Glioma is a rare disease.
| Rare and genetic diseases | ||||||
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Rare diseases - Glioma
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