Head and neck cancer

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Head and neck cancer
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Lump in the neck, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness
Complications	Metastasis, dysphagia, speech difficulties
Onset	Typically over age 50
Duration	Variable
Types	Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma
Causes	Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
Risks	Smoking, alcohol, HPV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Diagnosis	Biopsy, imaging studies (e.g., CT scan, MRI)
Differential diagnosis	Benign tumors, infectious diseases
Prevention	Smoking cessation, HPV vaccination, moderate alcohol consumption
Treatment	Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Varies by stage and location; generally better with early detection
Frequency	Approximately 650,000 cases worldwide annually
Deaths	N/A

Head & Neck Cancer

Definition

Cancer that emerges in the various anatomical structures of the head or neck.

Areas Affected

• Nasal cavity: The space inside the nose.
• Sinuses: Air-filled spaces around the nose.
• Lips: External opening of the mouth.
• Mouth: Including the oral cavity.
• Salivary glands: Glands responsible for saliva production.
• Throat: The passage leading from the mouth to the stomach and lungs.
• Larynx: Also known as the voice box.

Risk Factors

• Tobacco Use: Principal risk factor for head and neck cancers.
• Alcohol Consumption: Heavy alcohol use can increase the risk.
• HPV infection: Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus.
• Ultraviolet Light Exposure: Sun exposure or exposure to artificial UV rays, a major cause of lip cancer.
• Occupational Exposures: Including exposure to wood dust, formaldehyde, asbestos, nickel, and other chemicals.
• EBV virus: Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus can increase risk.
• Radiation: Prior radiation treatments to the head and neck region.

HPV and Head and Neck Cancer

Approximately 70% of cancers in the oropharynx are attributable to HPV.

Sex Ratio and Age

Men are about twice as likely as women to be diagnosed with head and neck cancers, and these cancers are more common in individuals over 50 years of age.

Symptoms

Dependent on the area affected:

• Mouth: White or red sores, swelling in the jaw, unusual bleeding or pain, and problems with dentures.
• Pharynx: Difficulty breathing or speaking, pain or ringing in the ears, trouble swallowing.
• Larynx: Pain when swallowing, ear pain.
• Sinuses and Nasal Cavity: Chronic sinus blockage, frequent sinus infections, nosebleeds, headaches, and dental problems.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Avoiding tobacco products.
• Limiting alcohol consumption.
• Considering HPV vaccination.
• Using protective measures during oral sex.
• Using sun protective measures, such as lip balm with sunscreen.
• Regular dental check-ups to detect early signs.

See Also

• Cancer
• HPV
• Epstein-Barr virus

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