Muscle atrophy: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox medical condition | |||
| name = Muscle atrophy | |||
| image = [[File:1025_Atrophy.png|250px]] | |||
| caption = Muscle atrophy in a human leg | |||
| field = [[Neurology]], [[Orthopedics]] | |||
| synonyms = Muscle wasting | |||
| symptoms = [[Muscle weakness]], [[decreased muscle mass]] | |||
| complications = [[Disability]], [[reduced mobility]] | |||
| onset = Gradual | |||
| duration = Varies | |||
| causes = [[Disuse]], [[malnutrition]], [[aging]], [[disease]] | |||
| risks = [[Sedentary lifestyle]], [[immobilization]], [[chronic illness]] | |||
| diagnosis = [[Physical examination]], [[imaging studies]] | |||
| differential = [[Muscle dystrophy]], [[neuropathy]] | |||
| prevention = [[Exercise]], [[nutrition]] | |||
| treatment = [[Physical therapy]], [[occupational therapy]], [[nutritional support]] | |||
| prognosis = Depends on underlying cause | |||
| frequency = Common in [[elderly]] and [[immobilized]] individuals | |||
}} | |||
Muscle atrophy, often termed "muscle wastage," is a medical condition characterized by the loss of [[muscle]] tissue. This condition results in diminished muscle strength, which can significantly affect an individual's quality of life. The extent of muscle wastage can vary, ranging from partial to complete muscle loss. | Muscle atrophy, often termed "muscle wastage," is a medical condition characterized by the loss of [[muscle]] tissue. This condition results in diminished muscle strength, which can significantly affect an individual's quality of life. The extent of muscle wastage can vary, ranging from partial to complete muscle loss. | ||
[[File:Japanese atrocities. Philippines, China, Burma, Japan - NARA - 292600.jpg|Muscle atrophy|left|thumb|300px]] | |||
[[File:Japanese atrocities. Philippines, China, Burma, Japan - NARA - 292600.jpg|Muscle atrophy|thumb|300px]] | |||
==Causes and Risk Factors== | ==Causes and Risk Factors== | ||
While the exact cause of muscle atrophy remains undetermined, several factors and conditions have been associated with its onset: | While the exact cause of muscle atrophy remains undetermined, several factors and conditions have been associated with its onset: | ||
* '''Aging:''' Many elderly individuals experience a degree of muscle atrophy as a natural consequence of aging. | * '''Aging:''' Many elderly individuals experience a degree of muscle atrophy as a natural consequence of aging. | ||
* '''Disuse:''' Extended periods of inactivity, such as prolonged bed rest or immobilization due to casts, can lead to muscle wastage. | * '''Disuse:''' Extended periods of inactivity, such as prolonged bed rest or immobilization due to casts, can lead to muscle wastage. | ||
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* '''Cellular Changes:''' The degeneration of "satellite cells," responsible for regenerating skeletal muscle fibers, may play a role. Additionally, a decrease in the sensitivity or availability of growth factors vital for muscle mass and satellite cell survival might be implicated. | * '''Cellular Changes:''' The degeneration of "satellite cells," responsible for regenerating skeletal muscle fibers, may play a role. Additionally, a decrease in the sensitivity or availability of growth factors vital for muscle mass and satellite cell survival might be implicated. | ||
* '''Protein Imbalance:''' In muscle atrophy, the equilibrium between protein synthesis and degradation shifts. Protein synthesis pathways are down-regulated, whereas protein breakdown pathways, such as the ATP-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, become activated. | * '''Protein Imbalance:''' In muscle atrophy, the equilibrium between protein synthesis and degradation shifts. Protein synthesis pathways are down-regulated, whereas protein breakdown pathways, such as the ATP-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, become activated. | ||
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==Clinical Implications== | ==Clinical Implications== | ||
Muscular atrophy poses significant challenges to affected individuals: | Muscular atrophy poses significant challenges to affected individuals: | ||
* '''Loss of Functionality:''' As muscles weaken, the range of activities an individual can undertake is restricted. | * '''Loss of Functionality:''' As muscles weaken, the range of activities an individual can undertake is restricted. | ||
* '''Increased Accident Risk:''' Weakened muscles make individuals prone to accidents when attempting certain tasks. | * '''Increased Accident Risk:''' Weakened muscles make individuals prone to accidents when attempting certain tasks. | ||
* '''Falls:''' The risk of falls is notably heightened among individuals with conditions like IBM (inclusion body myositis) in the context of muscle atrophy. | * '''Falls:''' The risk of falls is notably heightened among individuals with conditions like IBM (inclusion body myositis) in the context of muscle atrophy. | ||
==Treatment Approaches== | ==Treatment Approaches== | ||
Several treatment methods have demonstrated efficacy in addressing muscle atrophy: | Several treatment methods have demonstrated efficacy in addressing muscle atrophy: | ||
* '''Exercise:''' Regular physical activity can enhance muscle mass, countering atrophy. Exercise specifically downregulates the pathways responsible for muscle hypertrophy. | * '''Exercise:''' Regular physical activity can enhance muscle mass, countering atrophy. Exercise specifically downregulates the pathways responsible for muscle hypertrophy. | ||
* '''Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES):''' FES has been beneficial in stimulating muscles, especially in rehabilitating paraplegic patients. | * '''Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES):''' FES has been beneficial in stimulating muscles, especially in rehabilitating paraplegic patients. | ||
* '''Amino acid therapy:''' Certain muscle-building amino acids, like branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs - leucine, isoleucine, and valine), as well as lysine, are essential for regenerating damaged or atrophied muscle tissue. | * '''Amino acid therapy:''' Certain muscle-building amino acids, like branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs - leucine, isoleucine, and valine), as well as lysine, are essential for regenerating damaged or atrophied muscle tissue. | ||
== | ==Summary== | ||
Muscle atrophy, while often associated with aging, can be triggered by various factors, from prolonged inactivity to specific medical conditions. Understanding its causes, implications, and potential treatments is essential for medical professionals, ensuring patients receive the best care possible. | Muscle atrophy, while often associated with aging, can be triggered by various factors, from prolonged inactivity to specific medical conditions. Understanding its causes, implications, and potential treatments is essential for medical professionals, ensuring patients receive the best care possible. | ||
{{stub}} | {{stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 03:51, 8 April 2025
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD's medical weight loss NYC, sleep center NYC
Philadelphia medical weight loss and Philadelphia sleep clinics
| Muscle atrophy | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | Muscle wasting |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Muscle weakness, decreased muscle mass |
| Complications | Disability, reduced mobility |
| Onset | Gradual |
| Duration | Varies |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Disuse, malnutrition, aging, disease |
| Risks | Sedentary lifestyle, immobilization, chronic illness |
| Diagnosis | Physical examination, imaging studies |
| Differential diagnosis | Muscle dystrophy, neuropathy |
| Prevention | Exercise, nutrition |
| Treatment | Physical therapy, occupational therapy, nutritional support |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Depends on underlying cause |
| Frequency | Common in elderly and immobilized individuals |
| Deaths | N/A |
Muscle atrophy, often termed "muscle wastage," is a medical condition characterized by the loss of muscle tissue. This condition results in diminished muscle strength, which can significantly affect an individual's quality of life. The extent of muscle wastage can vary, ranging from partial to complete muscle loss.
Causes and Risk Factors[edit]
While the exact cause of muscle atrophy remains undetermined, several factors and conditions have been associated with its onset:
- Aging: Many elderly individuals experience a degree of muscle atrophy as a natural consequence of aging.
- Disuse: Extended periods of inactivity, such as prolonged bed rest or immobilization due to casts, can lead to muscle wastage.
- Medical conditions: Several diseases can lead to muscle atrophy, including cancer, AIDS, congestive heart failure, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure, Dejerine Sottas syndrome, cachexia, liver failure, and starvation.
- Cellular Changes: The degeneration of "satellite cells," responsible for regenerating skeletal muscle fibers, may play a role. Additionally, a decrease in the sensitivity or availability of growth factors vital for muscle mass and satellite cell survival might be implicated.
- Protein Imbalance: In muscle atrophy, the equilibrium between protein synthesis and degradation shifts. Protein synthesis pathways are down-regulated, whereas protein breakdown pathways, such as the ATP-dependent ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, become activated.
Clinical Implications[edit]
Muscular atrophy poses significant challenges to affected individuals:
- Loss of Functionality: As muscles weaken, the range of activities an individual can undertake is restricted.
- Increased Accident Risk: Weakened muscles make individuals prone to accidents when attempting certain tasks.
- Falls: The risk of falls is notably heightened among individuals with conditions like IBM (inclusion body myositis) in the context of muscle atrophy.
Treatment Approaches[edit]
Several treatment methods have demonstrated efficacy in addressing muscle atrophy:
- Exercise: Regular physical activity can enhance muscle mass, countering atrophy. Exercise specifically downregulates the pathways responsible for muscle hypertrophy.
- Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES): FES has been beneficial in stimulating muscles, especially in rehabilitating paraplegic patients.
- Amino acid therapy: Certain muscle-building amino acids, like branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs - leucine, isoleucine, and valine), as well as lysine, are essential for regenerating damaged or atrophied muscle tissue.
Summary[edit]
Muscle atrophy, while often associated with aging, can be triggered by various factors, from prolonged inactivity to specific medical conditions. Understanding its causes, implications, and potential treatments is essential for medical professionals, ensuring patients receive the best care possible.
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