Cramp

Cramp
Synonyms	Muscle spasm, Charley horse
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction
Complications	Muscle soreness, muscle damage
Onset	Sudden
Duration	Seconds to minutes
Types	N/A
Causes	Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, muscle fatigue, nerve compression
Risks	Exercise, pregnancy, age, medical conditions
Diagnosis	Clinical diagnosis
Differential diagnosis	Restless legs syndrome, peripheral artery disease, myopathy
Prevention	Hydration, stretching, electrolyte supplementation
Treatment	Stretching, massage, heat therapy, hydration
Medication	Analgesics, muscle relaxants
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Cramp is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction or over-shortening; while generally temporary and non-damaging, they can cause significant pain, and a paralysis-like immobility of the affected muscle. Onset is usually sudden, and it resolves on its own over a period of several seconds, minutes or hours. Cramps may occur in a skeletal muscle or smooth muscle.

Causes

Cramps can occur when a muscle is overused, tired, previously injured, or strained. The exact cause is unknown, but some researchers believe it to be related to poor flexibility, muscle fatigue or doing new activity. Other causes include conditions such as hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism, hypocalemia, and dehydration. Certain medications, including diuretics, raloxifene, and statins, are also known to cause cramps.

Symptoms

The main symptom of a cramp is sudden severe pain in the muscle, although symptoms can vary from a barely perceptible twitch to severe pain. The cramp may last a few seconds to 15 minutes or longer. It may also cause a hard lump of muscle tissue that can be felt or seen under the skin.

Treatment

Treatment of cramps depends on the underlying cause. If cramps are caused by a medical condition such as hypothyroidism or hypoglycemia, treating the condition should alleviate the cramps. If cramps are caused by dehydration or electrolyte imbalances, rehydration and replenishing electrolytes should help.

Prevention

Prevention strategies include staying hydrated, stretching before and after exercise, and ensuring adequate nutrition and electrolyte levels.

See also

• Muscle spasm
• Charley horse
• Restless legs syndrome
• Tetany

References

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