Renal cell carcinoma

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
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Renal cell carcinoma
Synonyms	Hypernephroma, renal adenocarcinoma, kidney cancer
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Hematuria, flank pain, abdominal mass, weight loss, fever
Complications	Metastasis, paraneoplastic syndrome
Onset	Typically between ages 60 and 70
Duration	Long-term
Types	Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, papillary renal cell carcinoma, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
Causes	Smoking, obesity, hypertension, genetic factors
Risks	Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, family history
Diagnosis	CT scan, MRI, ultrasound, biopsy
Differential diagnosis	Transitional cell carcinoma, renal oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma
Prevention	Smoking cessation, weight management, blood pressure control
Treatment	Surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy
Medication	Sunitinib, pazopanib, nivolumab, ipilimumab
Prognosis	Variable, depends on stage and grade
Frequency	Approximately 2-3% of adult cancers
Deaths	Approximately 140,000 worldwide annually

Renal clear cell carcinoma nephrectomy

Papillary renal cell carcinoma

Histopathology of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma

Renal tumors by relative incidence and prognosis

Kidney cancer

Embolization kidney

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a type of kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport waste molecules from the blood to the urine.

Signs and Symptoms

The classic triad of hematuria, pain, and an abdominal mass is only present in 10% of cases, and is generally indicative of more advanced disease. Today, most cases of RCC are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally on imaging for other reasons.

Causes

RCC is associated with several hereditary conditions, including Von Hippel-Lindau disease, hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, and hereditary papillary renal carcinoma.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of RCC involves a combination of medical imaging (such as CT scanning or ultrasound), blood and urine tests, and often, a biopsy.

Treatment

Treatment options for RCC include surgery, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and in some cases, chemotherapy.

Prognosis

The prognosis for RCC varies widely depending on the stage at which the cancer is diagnosed.

See Also

• Kidney cancer
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome

References

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