Liver failure

Overview of liver failure

Liver failure is a life-threatening condition that occurs when large parts of the liver become damaged beyond repair and the liver is no longer able to function. It is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention.

Types

Liver failure can be classified into two main types:

Acute liver failure

Acute liver failure can occur rapidly.

Acute liver failure, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, occurs when the liver rapidly loses its ability to function. This can happen within days or weeks and is often caused by factors such as acetaminophen overdose, viral hepatitis, or ingestion of toxic substances.

Chronic liver failure

Chronic liver failure, or end-stage liver disease, develops more slowly over months or years. It is often the result of long-term liver damage due to conditions such as cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C, and alcoholic liver disease.

Causes

The causes of liver failure can vary depending on whether it is acute or chronic. Common causes include:

• Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, and E)
• Drug-induced liver injury, particularly from acetaminophen
• Alcoholic liver disease
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Autoimmune hepatitis
• Genetic disorders such as Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis
• Toxins and poisons, including certain mushrooms and herbal supplements

Symptoms

Symptoms of liver failure can include:

• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain and swelling
• Confusion or encephalopathy
• Bleeding easily

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of liver failure involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Key tests include:

• Liver function tests
• Blood tests to check for viral hepatitis
• Imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan
• Liver biopsy in some cases

Treatment

Treatment for liver failure depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Options may include:

• Medications to treat infections or reduce liver inflammation
• Supportive care to manage symptoms
• Liver transplantation for severe cases

Prevention

Preventing liver failure involves addressing the risk factors and causes. This can include:

• Vaccination against hepatitis A and B
• Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption
• Using medications responsibly
• Maintaining a healthy diet and weight

Prognosis

The prognosis for liver failure varies depending on the cause and the timeliness of treatment. Acute liver failure can be fatal without prompt medical intervention, while chronic liver failure may progress slowly but can also lead to life-threatening complications.

Related pages

• Liver transplantation
• Cirrhosis
• Hepatitis
• Jaundice