Sulforaphane

Sulforaphane

Sulforaphane 3-D balls

Glucoraphanin, glucosinolate precursor to sulforaphane

Sulforaphane is a molecule belonging to the isothiocyanate group of organosulfur compounds. It is known for its anticancer and antimicrobial properties as demonstrated in experimental models. Sulforaphane is predominantly sourced from cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage. The enzyme myrosinase converts glucoraphanin, a type of glucosinolate, into sulforaphane when the plant undergoes damage, such as from chewing, thereby allowing the compounds to mix and react. Notably, young sprouts of broccoli and cauliflower are especially rich in glucoraphanin.

Occurrence and isolation

Sulforaphane was first identified in broccoli sprouts, which have the highest concentration of this compound among all cruciferous vegetables<ref>Zhang Y, Talalay P, Cho CG, Posner GH,

 A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli: isolation and elucidation of structure, 
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 
 
 Vol. 89(Issue: 6),
 pp. 2399–2403,
 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2399,
 PMID: 1549603,
 PMC: 48665,
 
 Full text,</ref>. Other sources include Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, bok choy, kale, collards, Chinese broccoli, broccoli raab, kohlrabi, mustard, turnip, radish, arugula, and watercress.

Possible medicinal properties

Antimicrobial properties

Consumption of broccoli sprouts may inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori, with sulforaphane identified as one of the active agents responsible for this activity<ref name=pmid19349290/><ref>Galan MV, Kishan AA, Silverman AL,

 Oral broccoli sprouts for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: a preliminary report, 
 Dig Dis Sci., 
 
 Vol. 49(Issue: 7–8),
 pp. 1088–1090,
 DOI: 10.1023/B:DDAS.0000037792.04787.8a,
 PMID: 15387326,</ref><ref name=pmid19349290>Yanaka A, Fahey JW, Fukumoto A, Nakayama M, Inoue S, Zhang S, Tauchi M, Suzuki H, Hyodo I, Yamamoto M, 
 Dietary sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts reduce colonization and attenuate gastritis in Helicobacter pylori–infected mice and humans, 
 Cancer Prev. Res., 
 
 Vol. 2(Issue: 4),
 pp. 353–360,
 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0192,
 PMID: 19349290,</ref>.

Bioavailability

Eating raw broccoli leads to faster absorption and higher bioavailability of sulforaphane compared to consuming it cooked<ref>,

 Bioavailability and kinetics of sulforaphane in humans after consumption of cooked versus raw broccoli, 
 J Agric Food Chem., 
 
 Vol. 56,
 pp. 10505-10509,
 DOI: 10.1021/jf801989e,
 PMID: 18950181,</ref>.

Drug interactions

Consumption of cruciferous vegetables, rich in sulforaphane, can influence the action of drug-metabolizing enzymes, both in vitro and in preliminary human trials<ref>Kall MA, Vang O, Clausen J,

 Effects of dietary broccoli on human drug metabolising activity, 
 Cancer Lett., 
 
 Vol. 114(Issue: 1–2),
 pp. 169–170,
 DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3835(97)04652-1,
 PMID: 9103281,</ref>. As of 2008, no side effects or direct drug interactions have been reported. However, individuals on prescription medications are recommended to consult their healthcare providers before consuming sulforaphane or broccoli sprout extracts.

Anticancer properties

The potential anticancer activities of sulforaphane may stem from its ability to induce phase-II enzymes involved in xenobiotic transformation. It may also enhance the transcription of tumor suppressor proteins through inhibitory effects on histone deacetylase<ref>,

 The cancer chemopreventive actions of phytochemicals derived from glucosinolates, 
 European Journal of Nutrition, 
 2008,
 Vol. 47 Suppl 2,
 pp. 73–88,
 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-2009-8,
 PMID: 18458837,</ref>.

When applied topically, sulforaphane might offer protection against UV radiation damage, which could, in turn, reduce the risk of skin cancers.<ref>Talalay P,

 Sulforaphane mobilizes cellular defenses that protect skin against damage by UV radiation, 
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 
 
 Vol. 104(Issue: 44),
 pp. 17500–17505,
 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708710104,
 PMID: 17956983,
 PMC: 2077252,
 
 Full text,</ref>

Safety

According to data from human studies, sulforaphane seems to be safe when consumed in amounts typically found in the diet. However, in the case of supplements with concentrated extracts, there might be potential side effects and interactions, so they should be taken with caution and under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

See also

• Glucosinolate
• Myrosinase
• Isothiocyanate
• Cruciferous vegetables
• Broccoli sprouts

References

<references/>

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