Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis, colloquially known as hay fever, is a type of inflammatory response that occurs in the nasal passages and conjunctiva (the white of the eyes). This condition is primarily driven by an allergic response and leads to a variety of symptoms including sneezing, rhinorrhea (runny nose), and ocular discomfort.

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Allergic rhinitis is caused by an allergic reaction to airborne substances, known as allergens. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, mold spores, and animal dander. When these allergens are inhaled, they stimulate the immune system of susceptible individuals to produce IgE antibodies. Upon subsequent exposure, these antibodies bind to the allergens, triggering a cascade of immune responses that result in the release of histamines and other inflammatory substances from mast cells and basophils in the nasal and ocular tissues.

Clinical Presentation and Symptoms

The primary symptoms of allergic rhinitis include frequent sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, and itchy or watery eyes. It may also cause postnasal drip, which can lead to coughing, throat irritation, and a decreased sense of taste and smell.

Allergic rhinitis is often associated with other allergic conditions such as Asthma, Atopic Dermatitis, and Conjunctivitis. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly between individuals and may be influenced by the level of allergen exposure and individual sensitivity.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of allergic rhinitis is typically based on the patient's history, physical examination, and response to therapy. Skin testing or allergen-specific IgE blood tests may be used to identify the specific allergens causing the symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment strategies for allergic rhinitis aim to reduce symptoms by avoiding allergens, using pharmacological therapies, or undergoing immunotherapy. Pharmacological treatments include antihistamines, decongestants, corticosteroid nasal sprays, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Immunotherapy, such as allergy shots or sublingual tablets, may be an option for individuals with severe symptoms or those who do not respond to other treatments.

See Also

• Allergy
• Immunoglobulin E
• Histamine

References

Ear, Nose and Throat Topics 

• Achalasia see Esophagus disorders
• Acoustic neuroma
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• Ageusia see Taste and Smell Disorders
• Allergic rhinitis see Allergy; Hay Fever
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• Hypersensitivity see Allergy
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• Vestibular diseases see Dizziness,  Vertigo, Meniere's disease
• Vestibular schwannoma see Acoustic neuroma
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